Magnesium hydroxide

The aim of this experiment was to determine the percentage composition of magnesium and oxygen in magnesium oxide and evaluate if the composition varies or remains constant. To test this, magnesium was heated and made to react with the oxygen gas in the atmosphere. This reaction formed the ionic compound, magnesium oxide. The percentage composition was later calculated based on the results of the experiment as shown in the above calculations, Figure 4. These results were compared to the expected…

In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether…

Because the halide cannot be eliminated, the next best option is to minimize the amount of halide in the reaction. In this experiment, a small concentration of the halide is reacted with a high concentration of magnesium to ensure maximum contact between halides and magnesium. To do this, magnesium will be placed in the round bottom flask and then halides are slowly added. Another potential source of error is that Grignard reagents must be placed far away from water sources. If any water is…

The learning assistants for Professor Bahde’s Organic Chemistry I class, Allyson Dang and I, wanted to give the students a problem to work on involving a reaction mechanism. The students in that class have been struggling in many areas of the subject, but the main issue they have is drawing out reaction mechanisms. Knowing how to draw out reaction mechanisms is one of the most, if not the most important part of organic chemistry. When theoretically reacting molecules, one must know not only…

Starting out, there was a mixture of an unknown acid, base, and neutral component. Just like the process outlined in the introduction, a solvent would be added to the solution containing the acid, base, and neutral unknown mixture. This solvent must have specific characteristics regarding solubility such that it dissolves the substance desired to be extracted while not dissolving or dissolving in only small portions the other substance not wanted purified out. It should also be easy to separate…

The easiest liquid to identify was Ammonium hydroxide (5), due to its characteristic pungent smell. The solid 7, copper sulphate was also easy to identify due to its blue crystals. Once these was eliminated, the two black powders suspected to be CuO and MnO2 were reacted with the other three liquids…

basic compound. The same idea was then again applied when extracting the acid, a bas was used more specifically sodium hydroxide. The acid reacted with this base and separated off allowing us to drain in…

Alcalak, and Medi-first were indirectly titrated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), which is a strong base. By using the back titration technique, the amount…

effects that can arise from the intake of hard water. The presence of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc reduce the rate of absorption these minerals in the small intestine. In addition, high amount of magnesium in the water can cause hypomagnesaemia where its excretion is limited. Laxative effect can also arise when both magnesium and sulfate are present. Diarrhea is a common effect of increased intake of magnesium salts. The use of hard water as coolant in industries poses great financial…

Soap and Detergent Soap and Detergent are the cornerstones of human cleanliness. Soap is, “a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having perfume and coloring added”( Soap 2018 ). Detergent is, “ a water-soluble cleansing agent that combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water” ( Detergent…