Macrophage

cells and eosinophil, which produce cytokines, propagate the inflammation of the airways (Fireman, 2003). Consequently, a bronchoscopy of an asthmatic airway is observed to be inflamed, indicating an increase in the number of mast cells, eosinophil, macrophage, and T-leukocytes. Evidence suggests a relationship between the degree of inflammation and the hyper-responsiveness (Barnes, 1996), which is recognised to be a decrease in bronchial airflow after broncoprovocation along with methacholine…

apoptosis in monocytes and lymphocytes by binding membrane bound TNF.  Decrease in vitro production of TNF and IFN gamma by intestinal/ peripheral T cells; disrupt CD 40/ CD 40 l pathways in peripheral blood lymphocytes.  Inhibit granulocyte- macrophage CSF production by T lymphocytes; restore the gut barrier in patients with Crohn’s disease.  Inhibit integrin expression on the…

endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). The monocytes can then migrate from the blood circulation and into the tunica intima, becoming macrophages. The macrophages then takes in the oxLDLs and become foam…

of salmonella especially amphibians and reptiles such as lizards, they may be infected and if we handle them and don’t wash our hands we may be infected too. When we eat or drink something which contains salmonella the bacteria enter our body and it travels through our intestine. Here bacteria can survive by using the gut micro biota as nutrients and can cross the intestinal mucus layer to reach epithelial cells which line the intestine. The disease starts when the Bacteria start to attack these…

A colorimetric 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co.) assay was performed to measure the cell viability. Briefly, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of spermidine for 24 h or pretreated with spermidine for 1 h before stimulation with LPS for 24 h. After incubation, the medium was discarded, and MTT solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS) was added to each well and incubated for another 3 h at 37 °C. The…

usually from the exposure to the air around infected animals or contaminated products. The contaminated products that can become aerosolized are meat, hides, or hair. Once the spores are inhaled germination occurs. After germination in the macrophages, the macrophages will transport the spores to the mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes…

Immunity! To start with a personal experience, I have a brother who is almost two years old, Cullen. My family put Cullen in a school that also was a day care for babies. Cullen being around lots of sick babies ultimately got sick too all the time. Thinking about it having him exposed to those germs and bacteria will in the end build a strong immune system for him. So, immunity refers to resistance to disease. The innate defense system and the adaptive defense system. The innate defense system…

In addition, gout is indicated by excessively high levels of uric acid, which is referred to as hyperuricemia in an individual. The primary cause of hyperuricemia is underexcretion of the kidneys (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013). Although not the sole indicator, hyperuricemia is a good indication of gout disease. However, not all individuals who have hyperuricemia will develop gout. In order to diagnose gout disease, the urate levels in the serum must be 7 mg/dL for men and 6…

compartment of several types of cancers including melanoma, breast, colon and lung cancer. Thus far, there are three reports in literature that examine the function of ATF3 in different stromal cells—fibroblasts, pericytes, and tumor-associated macrophages; and I will recapitulate them here. 1) Buganim et.al. reported that ATF3 over-expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promoted tumor growth of co-injected cancer cells in mice. ATF3 expression in CAFS transcriptionally represses…

Eukaryotic cells such as macrophages have the ability to go through the process of phagocytosis in order to ingest different harmful bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. Macrophages ingest these bacteria in order to digest them, however, the Legionella pneumophila containing phagosomes (LCPs) avoid the lysosomes of the cell by replicating and converting the phagosome into an endoplasmic reticulum derived organelle with the aid of Sar1 and ADP-ribosylation (ARF). Sar1 and ARF are GTPases…