Macrophage

tissue within the lungs. It is often caused by inhaling silica particles from the quartz in rocks, sand and similar other substances. These particles gets entrapped in the alveoli and macrophages that are present in the alveoli consumes the silica particles and died with the resulting inflammation attracting more macrophages, resulting into the formation of nodules and fibrous tissue isolate the reactive site. Shortness of breath with exertion and nonproductive cough are early symptoms which…

Causes of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma By Liji Thomas, MD Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent tumor of the lymphatic system which may often remain inactive for years before undergoing transformation into an aggressive tumor. After treatment, a high percentage of patients fail to respond, and these tumors are categorized as refractory lymphomas. Some respond with an initial positive change, but then develop signs of recurrent tumor, called relapsed follicular lymphoma. What…

79-110 million people are currently infected and the worldwide risk of HPV infection at least once in their lifetime in both men and women is 50% (Handler et al., 2015). The risk of being infected with HPV is 24% after someone becomes sexually active if they are also under 25 years old (Foreman et al., 2012). Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 3rd most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women with a higher mortality rate in developing nations (Handler…

the rest of the body’s lymphatic vessels converge into the thoracic duct. The lymphatic organs, which consist of the tonsils, the spleen, the thymus and the lymph nodes, are made up of lymphatic tissues that contain cells like lymphocytes and macrophages. These organs are…

and Immunity Various aspects of immune system are affected due to zinc (6,7,8). For normal development and function of cell mediated innate immunity, neutrophils and natural killer cells, zinc is essential element. The deficiency also affects the macrophages. The deficiency also affects adversely the growth and function of T and B cells. Besides zinc is an essential element needed for the synthesis of DNA, transcription of RNA, and activation of cells. Cytokines are adversely affected in terms…

The first slides of the tutorial describes what is cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is an illness in the blood vessels or the heart. The presentation had a brief part of the cardiovascular system.The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels such as, arteries, veins and capillaries. The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is powered by the…

Cell culture & cell counting: Introduction: Cell culture is the method of removal of cells from their respective animal or plant source, followed by their growth in a favourable artificial environment. These cells can be removed directly from tissues or fragmented using enzymatic or mechanical method. These cells can be obtained from the already established cell line or cell strain. Short protocol:In this protocol, initially cells were washed to remove adherent cells, incubated and…

two-component system6. In order for Mtb to survive, it must synthesize its own biotin, an essential cofactor that is involved in the biosynthesis of some fatty acids (e.g. mycolic acid), from pimeloyl-CoA7. During infection, Mtb primarily resides in macrophages, which, normally,…

Inflammation is the body’s response to muscle and bone injury and a local reaction to damaged cells in the body. The organisation of the repair process will occur due to macrophage phagocytosis of dead cells, proliferation of blood cells and fibroblasts at the edge of the damaged area, fibroblasts migrating to the injury site forming a slight framework of connective tissues, fibroblast producing collagen – thus providing…

apoptosis in monocytes and lymphocytes by binding membrane bound TNF.  Decrease in vitro production of TNF and IFN gamma by intestinal/ peripheral T cells; disrupt CD 40/ CD 40 l pathways in peripheral blood lymphocytes.  Inhibit granulocyte- macrophage CSF production by T lymphocytes; restore the gut barrier in patients with Crohn’s disease.  Inhibit integrin expression on the…