Macrophage

genotype VII IBS002 and genotype VIII AF2240. The cell population in the chicken bursa was evaluated by flow cytometry and the results showed that in normal chickens, this organ was predominantly occupied by B lymphocytes while the T lymphocyte and macrophage populations were at minimal cell numbers. Different from the cell population changes in chicken spleen upon NDV infection where CD4+ and CD8+ cells declined in their cell numbers…

Interferon works by calling macrophages and NK cells to attack infected cells. Interferons also spread to cells and stimulate the production of defensive proteins to protect healthy cells from infection. Another form of defensive protein is the complement system, which is composed of proteins that circulate in the blood and activate to fight pathogens. Complements can function in both acquired and innate immune response. Different complements can kill bacteria, attract macrophages and…

It should be noted that macrophages can also secrete substances which can similarly stimulate fibroblast. Whether its effect is direct or indirect, formation of new collagen takes place between the margins of wound when aloe is present. That collagen bond is responsible for increasing…

These satellite cells remain dormant in an area amid the basal lamina and the plasma membrane of these muscle cells. (Husmann et. al, 1996) Activation of satellite cells can occur, as stated above, from a certain subpopulation of macrophages and by some growth factors. (Husmann et. al, 1996) So, after damage to the muscle, these stem cells become activated and begin to proliferate. Once these stem cells are finished proliferating, they begin to differentiate into myoblasts. (Yablonka-Reuveni…

While macrophages swallow the toxin and debris, natural killer cells destroy infected cells through apoptosis. Natural killer cells attach to infected cells with the help of LFA-1 protein (1). Scientist hope to create a therapeutic method that enhances the natural…

Obesity A high consumption of calorie dense food and lack of physical activity are contributes to obesity. Obesity is associated with high level of macrophages in adipose tissue and chronic low grade inflammation. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) disrupt the function of adipocyte causing these cells to enlarge resulting in lack of blood supply. Macrophages and t cells are immune cells that infiltrate adipose tissue causing adipocytes to swell this in turn leads to insulin resistance. Beta…

Lymphocytes (B Cells), Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) Cells, Reticular Cells, and T Lymphocytes (T Cells). The unique function of each cell is briefly described below. B Lymphocytes (B Cells): These lymphatic cells remain/mature in the bone marrow, are associated with the circulatory system and the lymph system (Farabee, 2001); they produce antibodies and fight specific pathogens in the body and; produce antibodies to subsequent infection…

The primary inflammatory cytokines: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine which is produced by macrophages, T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, keratinocytes and tumor cells [13]. It is produced during early inflammatory response. It mediates the production of other cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [14]. It also increases vascular permeability, which leads to migration of activated immune cells to the site of infection [15,16]. TNF…

2014. 1.2 TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS OF TB TB infection occurs when a person inhales a droplet containing tubercle bacilli. Typically, these bacteria are engulfed by the macrophages where it is partially inhibited or destroyed. Then a small number of mycobacteria may multiply intracellularly and are released when the macrophages die. This live bacterium may actually transmit the infection by the way of lymphatic channels or through the bloodstream to more distant tissues and organs where TB…

The first is known as the humoral response where antibodies are responsible for the defeat of the pathogen. It begins when a macrophage engulfs a cell with an antigen on its surface. The macrophage then has MHC II on its surface which bind to an inactive helper T cell. The helper T cell can then recognize whether the engulfed cell is foreign or not. Once it realized there is a foreign body the T cell begins changing…