Macrophage

neurochemistry, and help the liver rid the body of toxins including ammonia. Y. Pestis produces this amino acid because it is missing an important enzyme called aspartase. Y. Pestis invades through the host’s skin, it then encounters phagocytes and macrophages at the site of invasion. Most of the bacteria…

They bring to the infection site phagocytic cells such as PMNs and macrophages. Also, they are capable of rising the vascular permeability of the infection site causing more immune cells and complement to get there. In periodontitis, the cytokines responsible for initiating tissue destruction and bone loss are interleukin-1…

Pseudomelanosis gastri and duodeni is a rare endoscopic mucosal finding, characterized by the accumulation of iron in macrophages of the lamina propria of the stomach and duodenum. The clinical significance and long term sequelae have not been clarified. However, this benign condition is associated with a variety of clinical conditions, such as essential hypertension, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, long term intake of iron supplements and furosemide. Pseudomelanosis duodeni appears to…

leukocytes require glucose for energy to promote intercellular decontamination (chemotaxis, phagocytosis). This causes prolonged infection, which delays healing and wounds progress to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation, increased lymphocyte and macrophage activity, is an extension of acute inflammation that lasts 2 or more weeks and eventually leads to the formation of a granuloma (Huether & Rote,…

include the macrophages, dendritic cells and ECs. They allow the antigens to activate T-cells. The activated T cells then secrete great amount of cytokines that modulate atherogenesis. The T helper cells are divided into two types. T helper 1 subtype (Th1) that secrete proinflammatory cytokines that lead to plaque destabilization. Th2 cells produce cytokines that can inhibit inflammation. Cytolytic T cells express cytotoxic factors that can promote apoptosis of SMCs, ECs and macrophages. Death…

1. The innate immune system, also considered the first line of defense, is made up of different mechanisms that protect the host from infecting organisms. This system allows for immediate response to infection, and is found in all classes of plant and animal life. Though the innate immune system does provide immediate defense against an infecting agent, it does not provide long term protective immunity to the host, therefore it does not have memory. The innate immune system utilizes protective…

is a ubiquitous process throughout nature. The behavior can be observed in unicellular organisms like amoeba using phagocytosis to obtain nutrients. Similarly, for vertebrates phagocytosis is an efficient method used by phagocytic cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils to uptake, eliminate pathogens and cellular debris from the body. Understanding phagocytosis depends on several steps involving interaction between phagocyte surface receptors with ligands on the surface of…

Impaired wound healing in the aged presents both major clinical and economic issues. With the constantly rising percentage of older people in the general population and the large cost of treating wounds within this specific patient group, the importance of examining and understanding the correlation between aging and wound healing cannot be undervalued. The process of wound healing is altered in aged individuals, historically being considered as defective; however there is now a general…

previous studies, the intracellular life cycle of Francisella within a host cell begins by entrance into the phagocytes and continues via bioactivities and replication. The host cells consist of alveolar and dendritic cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) (2,…

Each 'granule' contains a loop of capillaries and therefore bleeds easily if traumatised. Granulation tissue is made up mainly of proliferating fibroblasts, capillaries and tissue macrophages in a matrix of collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including HA, and the glycoproteins fibronectin and tenascin [13], [14]. Granulation tissue formation is evident as early as 48 hours after wounding and by 96 hours fibroblasts become the predominant…