Macrophage

Have you ever wondered why you are more susceptible to a cold than a classmate who may be of a different race? It may be a result of natural selection as it impacts people living in certain countries, making them able to withstand weather or deadly diseases in their environment. However, all good things come at a cost. In Survival of the Sickest, Dr. Sharon Moalem explains that certain diseases that might affect people later in life have actually guided human evolution, enabling the species to…

Neutrophils are a part of the innate immune system which provides a quick responders to the site of injury and inflammation. When there is an injury to mast cells, they release chemical messengers such as histamine and cytokines. Histamine signals vascular permeability and vasodilation, which allows leakage of blood components intended to fight infection and initiate healing. Cytokines are nonspecific chemical messengers which alert uninjured cells that an injury has occurred. Chemokines are…

a low affinity receptor in the CH3 domain of its heavy chains. The high affinity receptor is known as FcɛRI and it is primarily found on mast cells and basophils. The low affinity receptor is called FcɛRII and it is primarily found on B cells, macrophages, and even platelets. Omalizumab binds to the CH3 domain of the IgE antibody and prevents the effector cells from producing an inflammatory response (Pennington). Consequently, relieving the symptoms of respiratory allergies. The application of…

Asthma is type one hypersensitivity reaction. It could be atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic). In atopic asthma: In early phase, When asthmatic people inhale allergen, this will lead to bronchoconstriction due to the release of mediators by mast cells (histamine, prostaglandin, and leukotrienes) and this will lead to contraction of airway smooth muscle. When the person Expose to an allergen the IgE antibodies level will increase. The change in IgE production is related to Th2 (these…

isn’t getting broken down. Hemochromatosis has been passed on to many different generations because people could survive and reproduce with it. Macrophages in those people are low on iron, therefore the diseases didn’t target them. During the plague in 1347, people that had hemochromatosis lived because the disease target people with high iron in the macrophages. As a result, people with hemochromatosis lived because the iron wasn’t distributed throughout the body. The author is saying that one…

The classification of periapical lesions of endodontic origin and clinical evaluation of the aetiology and pathogenesis of their development There are various literatures that classify periapical lesions. Often these have been based on histological findings and so the resulting classifications having minor differences in terminology. This could easily lead to confusion between clinicians and subsequently incorrect diagnosis. The correct diagnosis of any disease is the foundation to the…

The death of an elderly man on a flight from Beijing to Brisbane has been brought to our attention, as it appears the death was the result of an infectious disease, which we believe may have been ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome’ (SARS). SARS is a respiratory illness produced by a coronavirus, called ‘SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It was first identified in 2002 in southern China, which resulted in an epidemic in 37 countries, with more than 8000 cases and 774 deaths. The epidemic…

Adiponectin is a cytokine exclusively produced and secreted by adipocytes. In mice, adiponectin decreases hepatic lipogenesis and increases FFA oxidation. In humans, several studies have shown an inverse correlation between adiponectin levels in the blood and hepatic insulin sensitivity as well as fat content in the liver. Adiponectin is a cytokine which acts as an anti-steatotic factor in both muscle and hepatocytes, probably by activating Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma…

Introduction All animals can heal their wounds. However, some animals can even regenerate lost body parts. Questions have arisen such as, how does this process take place? What is necessary for these animals to perform this job? Experiments have shown that different animals regenerate in different ways. Some may be similar than others and it may have an impact on their lives. The purpose of regenerating tissues is to limit damage and loss of infection. The processes of tissue regeneration…

spinal cord injury, and neuropathic pain (50, 51). Interestingly, NO has also been known to act as a retrograde messenger, acting to promote long-term potentiation (LTP (52, 53). I propose that the activated NOS/NO system in SCI by microglia and macrophages induces neuropathic pain through changes in thalamic nuclei and increasing hyperexcitability in…