Macrophage

Monocytes and Lymphocytes pass into lymph where they perform protective processes. For example, monocytes change into macrophages, destroy pathogens, and collect debris while the lymphocytes work more with the immune system. Lymph and lymph nodes filters fluid before it is returned back to the heart. The lymphocytes defend against potentially harmful microorganisms by acting…

shifts the equilibrium in the inactive state. There are four subtypes of HRs ranging from HR1 to HR4. HR1 are coupled to Gq/G11 protein and are located on the membrane of CNS neurons, smooth muscle cells, CVS, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, DC, T and B cells, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. HR2 are coupled to Gs protein and are located in primary gastric parietal cells, smooth muscle and CVS. HR3 and H4R are coupled to Gi/o protein and are distributed around the body.…

The integumentary system consists of the largest organ of the body which along with supporting structures that cover majority of the surface area of the human body. Responsible for protection, thermoregulation, palpation, and excretion. Cutaneous Membrane: More commonly referred to as the skin, the largest organ of the body that as a is composed of two main components: Epidermis- The outer most layer of the skin. Acts as a physical barricade against microbe’s due to its configuration of tough…

different organs of the body. It is characterized by excessive production and accumulation of specific cells whose normal function is to fight infections. These cells, which are called histiocytes, infiltrate the loose connective tissue (lipid-laden macrophages) of the body. As a result this tissue becomes thickened, dense and fibrotic. Multiple different organs can be affected. Unless successful treatment is found, organ failure can result. It is also known as Erdheim–Chester syndrome or…

Melanoma One in five Americans acquire skin cancer throughout their lifetime (Marieb and Hoehn, pg.164). Although there are variations of skin cancer, melanoma is a very serious diagnosis. In order to understand how melanoma greatly affects the skin, one must comprehend the basic structure of the integumentary system. The skin is made up of three layers the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis. The epidermis contains epithelial tissue while the dermis is composed of connective tissue. The…

Pulp is a richly vascularised and innervated connective tissue. It containing numerous cell types viz. odontoblasts (cells that form dentine), fibroblasts, defence cells like macrophages and histocytes, nerve cells, plasma cells, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. The odontoblasts are arranged with their cell bodies along the pulp border and their long tissue processes extending through the dentine. The cells that occur in…

lipid-storage disease caused by mutations in the acid beta-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1). Mutant glucocerebrosidase (GCase) leads to the accumulation of glucosylceramide and neurotoxic metabolites. In types 1, 2, and 3 GD, sphingolipid accumulation in macrophages leads to hepatosplenomegaly, hematologic abnormalities, and bone disease. In the severe types 2 and 3 GD, there are also serious neurological manifestations. Using iPSCs, we previously found that GD causes canonical Wnt/β-catenin…

It attaches itself to a dinucleotide found in the cytoplasm, which then interacts with the protein AIMP2, which has a distinct effect on white blood cells (Yang, 2013). Each cell in the human body has what’s called macrophages. These macrophages work with white blood cells. They are known as the clean-up crew that goes around eating most of the bacteria and other junk that gets left behind. Lysyl-tRNA synthetase binds to transcription factors, which can lead to allergies. It…

Systemic sclerosis, is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by vascular and immune dysfunction, leading to fibrosis that can damage multiple organs. 4 The clinical forms rang from limited skin involvement to forms with diffuse skin sclerosis and severe and often progressive internal organ involvement, and occasionally a fulminant course. 1 The affected organs and systems include the skin, lungs, heart, digestive system, kidneys, muscles, joints, and nervous system.2 The pathogenesis…

Burn injury is a common type of traumatic injury, causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The after-effects of burns not only handicap the patient and leave psychological trauma but also impose huge economic burden on the victim's family and society in general (Yao et al., 2011). An extensive burn profoundly affects the patient's physique, psyche, financial situation and socio-cultural dynamics of the family. Patients with extensive burns frequently die, and for those with lesser injury,…