Macrophage

Propels food along the digestive tract, responsible for contractions of GI tract, regulates mobility of GI tract. The muscularis externa of the stomach is modified because other muscularis externa is composed of two layers: the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer. However, the muscularis externa of the stomach contains a third innermost oblique layer. This third innermost oblique layer relates to the function of the stomach because it is the smooth muscle that is responsible…

INTRODUCTION Interleukin 4 was co-found by Maureen Howard and William E. Paul and by Dr. Ellen Vitetta and her examination bunch in 1982. The nucleotide succession for human IL-4 was secluded four years after the fact affirming its similitude to a mouse protein called B-cell stimulatory component 1 (BCSF-1). Cytogenetic Location: 5q31.1 Molecular Location on chromosome 5: base pairs 132,673,986 to 132,682,678 (Homo sapiens Annotation Release 107, GRCh38.p2) The…

The human knee joint is a diarthrosis, or synovial joint, made up of multiple different tissues that work together to provide function. Everything from the outer layer of the skin to the core of the bone is necessary for the joint to articulate properly. The most superficial layer of the knee is the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body and is made up of the epidermis and dermis, which in turn are made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium as well as dense, irregular…

Henry Williams is a 74 year old African American male. Mr. Williams was admitted to the hospital with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mr. Williams has a past medical history of COPD, cardiovascular disease (CVD), asthma, hearing loss with use of hearing aids, hypertension (HTN), and hyperlipidemia. He smoked one pack per day for 50 years. He quit smoking about 6 years ago. Mr. Williams was sent to the emergency department (ED) by his primary care doctor,…

mediated effects on molecular cell systems a wide range of mediators, primarily cytokines that regulate the immune reactivity of the organism. [1] Established that are the main producers of cytokines and T-lymphocytes are activated monocytes / macrophages [2, 3]. Secreted they actively act as mediators in the inflammation, as a result of performing a number of protective functions [4,5]. In this connection, it is necessary to study the levels of cytokines that influence the development and…

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis sets in once the initial stage, central stage, and final stages have been achieved. According to Chistiakov (2005), in the initial stage “antigen-presenting cells (APC), mostly dendritic cells and macrophage derived, infiltrate the cell” (p. 4). The infiltration of these cells to the thyroid can be activated by environmental factors such as toxins, drugs, iodine consumption, and virus or bacterial infections, which is known as the initial insult to…

2. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: 2.1. What are Monoclonal Antibodies? 2.1.1. “Clones” A clone is a group (family) of cells which come from a single parent cell that divides various times and are identical in all ways. In their structure, metabolic characteristics, functions, etc. 2.1.2. “Antibodies” An antibody is a protein which is produced by the human body’s immune system when it detects a substance that may be harmful (antigens like: bacteria, viruses, chemicals, parasites, etc). Antibodies…

After the bacterium kills the macrophages, the bacterium is spread through the lymph nodes as the lymph nodes drain. This is where they reproduce and replicate to make copies. All this causes the swelling of the lymph nodes and even rupturing lymph nodes throughout the process of the…

Adaptive Response/Reaction The immune system is the human bodies defense mechanism against any pathogen; the immune system is split into two basic forms namely the innate and adaptive systems and their roles are essential in the immune system (Huether & McCance, 2012). The innate is the rapid, non-specific primary response anti any foreign body pathogen confront, while the adaptive system is the secondary response with added specific line of defense mechanism and both work collectively to…

Review of “A Clinical Trial of Integra Template for Diabetic Foot Ulcer” Summary: Diabetic foot ulcer is happening due to complications involving the slow healing process as a result of the diabetes. The diabetic foot ulcer is cause by diabetes mellitus which increases risk for diabetic foot ulcer. (Driver et al 891) Diabetic foot ulcer can eventually lead to amputation if not treated or if it is too advanced. now there’s a way to treat foot ulcers using synthetic skin grafts. using a bilayer of…