Macrolide

Subjective Data This is a 65 year old Caucasian female presenting with complaints of a persistent rarely productive cough lasting two weeks; causing shortness of breath, and orthopnea. She has been treated for this cough three month ago in the emergency room. At that time chest x-ray (CXR) revealed hyperinflated lungs suggestive of emphysema. She refused to be treated in the hospital at that time, ad was sent home with an inhaler and antibiotics. She also refused the pulmonary function test.…

Efflux is a method of facilitated transport carried out by protein complexes that fall into one of six currently identified classes based on their protein structure.44 These complexes are commonly able to recognize more than one substrate, making them a major cause of multidrug resistance, especially in Gram negative organisms.45 As many of these proteins are not expressed constitutively, it may be hard to predict the effect these complexes have on in-vivo treatment; many are tightly regulated…

Asthma is chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and reversible airflow obstruction. The symptoms of asthma include shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness and wheezing. Genetic factors are thought to play an important role in the development of the disease, however the phenotype expression is profoundly affected by environmental factors1. Asthma affects 334 million people all over the world and is the most common chronic disease among children2. In the UK…

Infectious Coryza Limited by the knowledge of microbes, infectious coryza was not regarded as a distinct avian disease until 1920s. In 1932, the causative agent was isolated and named as Haemophilus gallinarum afterwards. Based on the identification of Page in 1960s, H. paragallinarum was isolated and regarded as the true causative bacteria. However, recent researches have confirmed both these two species belong to Avibacterium genus and are both reason for the fowl coryza, while most researches…

Chemotherapy Chemotherapy sometimes involves the use of antibiotic drugs since it is basically defined as the use of chemicals or medication to treat diseases. However, this term is used to specifically refer to the medical processes that are geared toward the destruction of cancer cells. In some cases, the process involves using antibiotics and other medications to treat certain infections or illnesses that may arise as a result of the clinical processes toward destruction of cancer cells.…

marcescens naturally exhibits the capability to express antimicrobial resistance. Due to this ability of S. marcescens it is resistant to a wide range of antibiotics including narrow-spectrum-penicillins and cephalosporins, cefuroxime, cephamycins, macrolides, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin and colistin (Celine 2010-2014). Treatment is with 3rd-generation cephalosporins, cefepime, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, piperacillin/tazobactam, or aminoglycosides. However, because some isolates are…

prescribed and dispensed. In recent years the European Medicines Agency (EMA), acting at the request of the European Commission, has reviewed the symptoms and conditions under which a number of the more modern antibiotic classes (fluoroquinolones, macrolides and cephalosporins) are used in veterinary medicine. These reviews have resulted in more precise recommendations for use and new warnings which must be taken into account by vets when prescribing these antibiotics. The Health Products…

infection [1]. This bacterium is responsible for causing several diseases in human such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, Meningitis, wound infection, and blood infection [2]. Many classes of antibiotics such as Aminoglycosides, Carbapenems, Macrolides, and Penicillins are used to treat these infections. However, A. baumannii known as Multidrug resistant Actinobacter baumannii (MRAB) which gives…

Investigating Enterococcus faecalis’s structures and resistances to antibiotics Introduction Bacteria’s phenotype is commonly described as gram-negative or gram-positive from conducting a gram stain. A bacterium that is gram-negative tends to have cells composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, and a gram stain of gram-negative bacteria are seen as red or pink through a microscope (Smith and Hussey, 2005). On the other hand, a bacterium that is gram-positive will have cells made of a thick…

Clostridium difficile (hereafter C. Difficile) is a bacteria that contributes to many diseases, the spectrum of disease can range from mild cases of diarrhea to more life threatening cases like pseudomembranous colitis to toxic megacolon (Kelly 2008). Since the 1970s the use of certain antibiotics such as clindamycin to treat other infectious diseases was shown to lead to more toxic strains of C. difficile. Starting in the 1980s, cephalosporins, were the new drug of preference to treat other…