Lysosome

Their size ranges from 1 mm to 1 m, and each axon synapses with 1 000 to over 10 000 neurons. Each axon has a cytoplasm called an axoplasm, which contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It cannot create proteins because it has no rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a plasma axolemma (cell membrane) of neuroglia or interstitial fluid surrounds the entire axon to protect it. In a multipolar neuron, the axons’s base…

prokaryotes, which have a certain shape, eukaryotes do not really have a specific shape that is defined. Organelles are the things that make eukaryote cells to be eukaryote. Eukaryote cells consist of: mitochondria, Golgi, ER, vacuoles, chloroplasts, lysosomes, nucleus, etc. The organelles that a cell has might vary from the type of the cell. Unfortunately, not all the parts of the cell might be observed under the light microscope because only the large organelles can be seen, such as: nuclei,…

Molecules A (phospholipids) and C (glycoproteins) both have polar and non-polar parts to them. The charge in H2O forces the polar ends of the phospholipids and glycoproteins to be attracted to it which then creates a non-polar interior where the ends of each molecule that don’t have a charge are attracted to (like the fatty acid tails of the phospholipids). The none polar interior of the membrane creates a barrier which gives it the ability to be selective with what it allows in and out of the…

Basically, after the activation, the absorbed energy is transferred from the sensitizer to molecular oxygen and generates the highly cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2), which causes the damage to mitochondria, lysosomes, plasma membrane and nuclei then leads to cell death and tumor destruction (Dougherty, Gomer et al. 1998, Brown, Brown et al. 2004). Different from photodynamic therapy, PAT therapy is based on conversion of absorbed energy in thermal (hyperthermia)…

Nucleolus h. Composed of RNA and protein Vacuole i. Occupies greatest volume in mature plant cells Nuclear Envelope j. Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm Endoplasmic Reticulum k. Forms channels for intracellular movement of materials Lysosomes l. Sacs of powerful digestive enzymes Ribosomes m.…

Lipid transport between organelles to maintain their unique lipid compositions must be specific. The plasma membrane, endosomes and lysosomes rely completely on lipid transport from the organelles which actively synthesize lipids. Lipid transport can occur by various mechanisms (Fig.1a). First, lateral diffusion of lipids through membrane continuities, such as those that exist between…

Gene therapy consists of repairing abnormal genes which leads to disease. In the treatment of genetic maladies, drug genes are introduced into the diseased cells. These genes are the healthy genes that must replace the defective genes that are responsible for diseases. They are introduced into the disease cells using the vectors. Vectors are the safest means of transport from the healthy gene to the disease cells; This vector must contain the gene and be capable of conveying it and bringing it…

Module 1 Essay Cells are the smallest, most basic unit of life. Cells are diverse in size and shape and the sheer number of them. Scientists make the distinction that there are two classes of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are similar yet very different. But in addition to the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, we have viruses—they are not regarded as life in the scientific community, however, they are important because they infect those which have life (i.e…

Proteins Molecules Building materials for cells. Cells have organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, vesicles, etc. It is estimated that the body has over ten trillions cells Carry oxygen, build tissue, copy DNA for the next generation and do the work needed by the body. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the blueprint for proteins and replication of itself mRNA transcribes DNA, tRNA translates mRNA into proteins. A pattern on nucleotide on a DNA strand is called a gene. The Central Dogma of…

Paramecia, unicellular cilliated protozoa, usually are ovoid and elongated. They widespread in brackish environments and freshwater. Length of the species are various ranging from 50 micrometers to 330 micrometers. They feed on yeasts, algae, and small protozoa which are captured by them through phagocytosis, devouring a particle by “wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a food vacuole” (Campbell and Reece 2011). They also serve as the models for the study of basic biological…