Lysosome

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    Legionella Pneumophila

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    through the process of phagocytosis in order to ingest different harmful bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. Macrophages ingest these bacteria in order to digest them, however, the Legionella pneumophila containing phagosomes (LCPs) avoid the lysosomes of the cell by replicating and converting the phagosome into an endoplasmic reticulum derived organelle with the aid of Sar1 and ADP-ribosylation (ARF). Sar1 and ARF are GTPases that control the production of the vesicles COPII- and COPI-. …

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    Acid Fast Bacteria

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    This bacteria belongs to the Mycobacteria family and leprae genus. It’s an intracellular pathogen that causes leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, receiving its name from G.A Hansen, who is credited for the discovery of M. leprae in 1873. Before learning more about this pathogen, let me walk you through some general information about Mycobacteria. Mycobacteria is a rod-shaped bacilli and aflagellate, moving from one place to another through mucus in our body. It’s an obligate aerobe and…

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    niemann-pick disease is Types A and B which in most cases are grouped together to make Type1, and then theres Type C which make Type 2. Type A and B is called Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency, It is found in special parts within cells called lysosomes and is made to metabolize a lipid called sphingomyelin. If ASM is absent or not working properly then sphingomyelin cannot be metabolized correctly and is stored within the cell, causing cell death and the malfunction of major organ…

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    making part of an enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A” which is an integral part in the proper function of the brain and spinal cord (“Tay-Sachs Disease” 1). This enzyme lies within the lysosome, which “are structures in cells that break down toxic substances and act as recycling centers” and within the lysosome, the HEXA gene helps break down a “fatty substance called GM2 ganglioside” (“Tay-Sachs Disease” 1). Tay-Sachs then occurs when there is a mutation within the HEXA gene, which disturbs…

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    1.1 Explain the appropriateness of light and electron microscopes for different purposes. Explain the difference between magnification and resolution (2) Magnification is how much you can enlarge an image Resolution is how sharp and clear your microscope can show an image State the resolution that can be achieved by each of the following types of microscope (2) Light microscope. 200nm Transmission electron microscope. 0.5nm Explain the appropriateness of light and electron…

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    Tay Sachs Disease is a genetic disorder where the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cords are destroyed. Although anyone can carry this genetic mutation, it is most common of people with Ashkenazi Jewish background. Approximately 1 in every 27 of their population carries the gene for Tay Sachs. The gene mutation that can cause Tay Sachs is the HEXA gene. The chromosome that contains the gene is chromosome 15. At least one or both HEXA needs to be active so that so that the body can produce…

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    Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a Primary human immunodeficiency disease which is caused by genetic predisposition in an autosomal recessive pattern, where this describes any chromosome other than sex chromosomes where both pairs of the gene in each cell have underwent mutation. This disorder itself is a rare one, where about 200 cases of the condition have been reported worldwide. The parents of the person with this type of condition, autosomal recessive, carry one copy of the mutated gene, but…

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    Phagocytic Macrophages

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    The immune system is a highly integrated, diverse task force the body recruited with the sole mission of protection against invading forces of infection, pathogens and mutant cells. The immune system is always surveilling for the enemy through its ranks of innate immune cells which lack memory and specificity including, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes. These cells patrol and destroy anything suspicious whether they have seen it before or not and have the ability to alert higher…

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    Ebola Virus (EBOV)

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    product for a total of 8. EBOV is an enveloped virus, imbedded with transmembrane GP spikes, which are composed of GP1 and GP2 [2]. The viral glycoprotein mediates viral entry into host cells via endocytosis. Entry into the acidic cellular endosome or lysosome causes GP cleavage by proteases, thus releasing the nucleocapsid, and initiating early gene expression [4]. Associated with the nucleocapsid are structural proteins VP35, VP30, and VP24. VP35 and VP24 inhibit host interferons, whereas VP40…

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    Exercises for BIOL 3612 Biochemistry Lab EXERCISE 1: SOME BASICS OF SECONDARY AND TERTIARY STRUCTURE Exploring PDB files and secondary structure The exercise was helpful in creating a picture for me to really understand the 3D structures of proteins. By navigating through different protein representations, I was able to recall several important concepts I learned from lecture. Also, by seeing those structures in relative to one another, I was able to putting the…

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