Lithium pharmacology

Why is the use of a placebo in medical research controversial? Controversy exists regarding using placebo in medical research can control groups in clinical trials when effective treatments exist. The controversy has centered on several issues. The first involves the methodological superiority of placebo-controlled trials of discerning treatment effects. Secondly, it is unclear whether the treatment effects encompass absolute treatment effects, including placebo effects or are confined to…

ELI LILLY IN INDIA Ans: - 1 1993 -Eli Lilly, a leading pharma company in US, started a JV in India with Ranbaxy looking at the local market knowledge. It was the only multinational company which was not present in India. US market conditions and rising opportunity in India were main reasons for the JV. Strict governmental control prevailed in US and costs increased, Prices soared in 90s, Generic’s arrival in US market compared to low cost manufacturing in India and easing regulations that opened…

From ancient times till date, essential oils are in use to treat humans in a very natural way. Anxiety, aches, pains, acne, skin diseases and allergies can be well taken care of with the help of different essential oils. Essential oils that are used for allergies are basically highly concentrated non-water soluble chemicals that are obtained from nature. With the passing of time, the new generation has lost some of the wisdom of our previous generation about the ability to cure illness with the…

Orphan drugs under normal market circumstances would not be produced by the pharmaceutical companies due to the expense incurred and potentiality of financial loss due to low levels of sales. Orphan drugs are created to treat, prevent, and diagnose rare diseases with a prevalence of less than 5 in 10,000 per community. An Orphan medicinal product must show an enhanced therapeutic benefit over existing treatments against rare life threatening or debilitating diseases. An orphan drug is not a rare…

Specific Purpose Statement: to inform my audience of three herbs used as medicine that make us live healthier. Introduction Good afternoon, my friends. By the recent studies in the last two decades, “The World Health Organization reported that over 80% of the global market rely on herbal medicinal products… Medicinal herbs are also available in the market as raw plant material. Both herbs and herbal products are usually used as self-care to enhance wellbeing and to prevent and cure…

Plants use as food and in traditional medicine are more likely to yield pharmacologically active compounds. The medicinal properties of plants have been investigated in the recent scientific developments throughout the world, due to their potent therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant activities, no side effects and economic viability. Medicinal plants are serving as raw material for drugs which are effective and reasonable health care for people. However, all plants synthesize phytochemicals,…

The initial concentration of RSF solution also plays an important role in the preparation of PTX-loaded RSF nanospheres (Table 2). When the RSF concentration increased to 15 mg/ml, the diameter of PTX-loaded RSF nanospheres changed corresponding to the lower concentration [RSF= 8 mg/ml]. It proves that the drug-loaded nanospheres range from 110~580 nm which apply to the intravenous chemotherapy is easy to be synthesized via varying the concentration of RSF solution and ethanol. Table 2…

Are exorbitant prices for prescription drugs a contributing factor to the high mortality and morbidity rates among Americans patients? Sometimes I often wonder if the issue of one’s inability to pay for their needed meds to get well is the result of some patients dying prematurely, more so, than the actual sickness or disease. As a result of these high prices for prescription drugs, some patients are taking risky measures by not taking their medicines as prescribed. According to the Center for…

As herbal medicine benefits claims on internet become wilder and wilder, the public becomes more and more confused about what herbs can actually do. Ironically, the public is not the only one confused. Even the scientists are asking the same questions: does herbal medicine works? How does it work? What is the optimal dosage? The safety issues are what? Who can use it and who cannot?... As the list grow longer, the confusions also grow greater. Luckily, as we speak, more and more research studies…

According to the Center For Disease Control and Prevention in 2013 there were 10,076 deaths due to alcohol related traffic accident (cdc). Also according to the CDC in that same year there were 22,767 deaths due to prescription drug overdoses. Of these overdoses 16,235 were from opioid painkillers and 6,973 were benzodiazepines also known as sedative/muscle relaxants (cdc). Why is it that drunk driving fatalities seem to garner more attention nation wide that prescription drug overdoses do? You…