Lipid

LEBER HEREDITARY NEUROPATHY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Three mitochondria mutations contribute to Leber hereditary neuropathy disease. The three mitochondria mutations G11778A, G3460A, T14484C occurs inside of complex 1 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Chinnery et al., 2001). Complex 1 NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase is mainly for the transferring of electrons within the mitochondrial in the respiratory chain (Garmier et.al, 2008). When the respiratory chain is not…

Mitochondrion are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and acts as a layer of skin, whereas the inner membrane constantly folds over and creates layered structures called Cristae (The constant folding increases the surface area of the organelle). And the fluid inside the organelle is called the matrix. The matrix carry the specific DNA and ribosomes for the mitochondria, because the organelle carries its own DNA. Site of aerobic respiration and provides energy (ATP) to…

Ischemia is a state of tissue oxygen deprivation accompanied by a reduced washout of the resulting metabolites (1). Reperfusion is the restoration of blood flow to the ischemic tissue. Despite the unequivocal benefit of reperfusion of blood to an ischemic tissue, reperfusion itself can elicit a cascade of harmful reactions that injure tissue(2). Studies have shown that renal ischemia - reperfusion injury in addition to kidney tissue, will also be affected distant organs such as the brain (3),…

towards outer layers, keratin maturation occurs and four layers of cells of different maturation stages form. In stratum corneum (the outer layer) cells become squamous, have no nuclei and form many layers that overlap and are crosslinked forming a lipid-protein matrix, which acts as a protective barrier and is hard to penetrate. These cells are cornified and shed as they are not viable but new layers form as due to polarisation the cell movement is a continuous…

Neutrophils are a part of the innate immune system which provides a quick responders to the site of injury and inflammation. When there is an injury to mast cells, they release chemical messengers such as histamine and cytokines. Histamine signals vascular permeability and vasodilation, which allows leakage of blood components intended to fight infection and initiate healing. Cytokines are nonspecific chemical messengers which alert uninjured cells that an injury has occurred. Chemokines are…

A basic definition of the disease and discussion of the disease process/condition I chose to write about diabetes since it runs on my father’s side of the family. Diabetes is a widespread disease that does not allow the body’s ability to produce or use insulin which is a hormone that allows glucose turn into energy. There are two types of diabetes; diabetes 1 causes the body to make little or no insulin and diabetes 2 makes the body resistant to insulin. Both types of diabetes can greatly…

in eukaryotic cells. It is made up of sac like membranes which are stacked. The structures are known are cisternae. The main role is to sort, package and modify molecules that have been synthesized by cells. They also create lysosomes and transport lipid…

The human body is protected against infections by the immune system. The disease occurs when the normal function of tissue is impaired. Health organizations have for a long time tried to understand all causal agents of diseases as fight strategies against these agents including understanding surviving strategies, their cycle, and multiplicity once they infect a human being. This has facilitated discovery of therapeutic drugs for various diseases (Klepac et al., 2013). Vaccination against…

DEFINCIENCY OF ENZYME beta- hexosaminidase A CAN CAUSE TAY-SACHS DISEASE DEFINITION: Tay-sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder found commonly in isolated genetic such as Jewish Population. This is also known as a fatal genetic lipid storage disorder in which harmful quantities of cell membrane components named ganglioside accumulate in the brain stem cells, eventually leading to the premature death of cells. II. SYMPTOMS: Diagnosis can be confirmed either by enzyme analysis or mutation…

DP is a 64-year-old male patient with STEMI and stent placement 5 year ago. He visited the pharmacy today to pick up his prescription for metoprolol 25mg, 1 tablet once daily and candesartan 16mg, 1 tablet once daily for 90 days. He is also taking ASA 81mg, 1 tablet once daily, atorvastatin 10mg to control his cholesterol level once daily for last 5 years. DP’s normal average blood pressure readings are 120/75mm/Hg. DP weight 82.2 kilogram. He is retired and keep himself fits with regular…