Lipid raft

Morphology Influenza is made up of enveloped virions that further made up of eight segmented, single-stranded, negative RNA genomes (Bourmakina and García-Sastre, 2005). Influenza is then broken down further to three categories; A, B, or C, which is determined by the antigenic differences in their structural components nucleoprotein and matrix protein (M1) (Bourmakina and García-Sastre, 2005). Both nucleoproteins and MI proteins are crucial to the survival of the virus. In Influenza A’s RNA,…

second messenger and regulator of apoptosis, stabilizes β secretase activity [36;36](He et al., 2010). In AD, increased CM levels regulate β and γ secretases and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing on lipid rafts [69](Vetrivel et al., 2004). Mislocalization of β and γ secretase to lipid rafts in post Golgi rather than lysosomes can promote Aβ accumulation [69](Vetrivel et al., 2004). Sphingosine is associated with apoptosis and is elevated in AD brains [30](Hagen-Euteneuer et al., 2012).…

These lipid rafts recruit fatty-acyl modified signaling proteins, increasing their effective concentration and affecting their function. Thus, such protein compartmentalization could be a universal mechanism for most adaptive cellular signal transduction (Simons…

the pilus, and it is segment that comes in contact with alpha 5 beta 1 integrin, and is crucial in the introduction of cytotoxin associated gene A into the cytoplasm of the target cell [14] [15-17]. Alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is found in a lipid raft; those lipid rafts appear to be crucial for the attachment of type four secretion system to the surface of the gastric epithelial cells [18]. In addition, CagX is important in the structure and activity of the type four secretion system pilus [19].…

formed through covalent interactions with the cargo and transfection can be improved when di- or trimers of TAT are used (Deshayes et al.). The mechanism for crossing the cell membrane appears to be by caveolae/lipid raft-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis dependent upon lipid rafts, or clathrin mediated endocytosis (Deshayes et al., Koren and Torchilin). TAT has the unique ability to transfect neighboring cells which is very beneficial when trying to transfect numerous cells such…

What is HIV? Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a Lentivirus from the family Retroviridiae[1] ,which infects CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages[2]. This results in a loss in immune function and eventually acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) when CD4+ cell count is very low[3]. There were approximately 1.5 million deaths in 2013 as a result of HIV-related causes[4] , many of these deaths occur due to the immune system being too weak to defend itself against opportunistic…

The Ebola virus is gaining worldwide fame due to its sensational outbreak originating from Sierra Leone. The outbreaks of the virus have been recognized and effectively dealt with in the past, but the present outbreak is becoming a overwhelming challenge. Approximately there have been 15,000 suspected cases of the disease and 6,000 confirmed deaths so far. The horrifying visual hemorrhagic symptoms caused by the Ebola virus include internal and external bleeding as well as the fear inducing…