Ligand

The Effects of Cystic Fibrosis on Cell Signaling Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive genetic condition that causes the mutation of the CFTR gene, which contains instructions for making CFTR proteins. CFTR proteins regulate the transport of chloride in and out of cells; if the proteins don’t work properly, the cells are left with a high salt concentration and take up liquid from mucus in attempts to reach equilibrium.The disease most commonly affects the respiratory and digestive systems. In…

2.2.3 Definition of Chelating Ligand EDTA From the above discussion, it can be concluded that chelating ligand EDTA is a process of reversible bond formation of a ligand that serves as chelating ( chelting agent or Chelator) that exist within the compound of EDTA. Basically, EDTA combines with some specific ion, so it causes the functions of EDTA as chelator. When the functions of EDTA as chelator, EDTA is a liquid ( solution) 2.3 Volcanic Ash Volcanic ash or sand is volcanic material debris…

Comparison of Organometallic Compounds of Transition Metals and Main Group Elements Organometallic Compounds: The compounds which contain at least one direct metal to carbon covalent bond are known as organometallic compounds many of these are thermodynamically unstable and are pyrophoric. The meta may belongs to main group, transition metal, f group metal or a metalloid i.e. selenium, boron, arsenic, silicon, antimony, germanium, and tellurium and the carbon moiety may be alkyl, alkene, alkyne,…

Parkinson’s disease is a medical condition in which movement of the body is affected by an irregularity of the nervous system. The most common symptom that emerges for victims of this disease is tremors as well as stiffness or slowing of movement. Environmental triggers (such as exposure to toxins), genetic mutations, and the increase of age are all factors that contribute to the development of the disease. Although Parkinson’s disease is incurable, treatment can ease the symptoms. Treatments…

Three theories are presented and analyzed in this review. A recent study has refuted two past theories and concluded that magnesium contributes to transition state intermediate stabilization through a water ligand that forms a hydrogen bond with a charged oxygen atom. This is supported by a several notable observations. Zalatan et al. observed substantial effect on monoester hydrolysis and minimal effect on diester hydrolysis when a Mg(II) ion was removed.…

suppression of genes which control inflammatory responses and other transcriptional activities. These events may lead increase or decrease of cytokine production, proliferation, and survival, while others lead to greater adaptive immunity. If the ligand is from a bacterial factor, the pathogen might be phagocytosed and digested. If it’s a viral factor the infected cell may undergo…

the expression of breast epithelial markers. An accumulation of B-catenin in the primary tumors further emphasizes the essential role of B-catenin in the process of metastasis. The canonical Wnt/B catenin signaling pathway is initiated when the Wnt ligands bind to its receptors named Frizzled and LDL receptor related protein 5 or 6 (LRP5 or LRP6). The protein disheveled (dvl) is phosphorylated and that allows it to dissociate B-catenin from the destruction complex. The destruction complex is…

There are many ligands that made up the chemokine receptor CXCR3 for the successful mediation of gene transcription. These ligands include the following CXCL 11, CXCL 10, and CXCL 9. DNA purification (Mini prep) helps to determine the concentration of both GFP and NFkB DNA before being used to transfect both HeLa and HEK 293 cell. The purification of DNA also allows the extraction and purification of plasmid DNA. According to the data that was generated by the completion of the Mini Prep, GFP…

These rearrangements generate a series of chimeric-transforming oncogenes collectively described as RET/PTCs, resulting in abnormal proteins constitutively activated from RET kinase7. This occurs independently of the binding to extra-cellular ligands that activate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, thereby leading to clonal expansion and neoplastic transformation of the thyroid follicle cells7. This is known as the RET/PTC rearrangement, and the most common one is RET/PTC1. This is…

Like SST itself SSTR expression can be adjusted by a few components. To begin with, as in many GPCRs, ligand official to the receptor instigates either receptor disguise or additionally uncoupling of the receptor from the G-proteins bringing about receptor desensitization. Second, a few hormones such as estrogen and thyroid hormone can direct SSTRs expression…