Ligand

The functions of FGFR3 are dependent on ligands, specifically fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and heparin sulfate proteoglycans (6). These ligands bind to the D2, and D3 immunoglobulin subdomains of FGFR3 to stabilize the dimer complex as well as augment the functions of FGFR3. Conversely, D1 functions to inhibit FGFR3. Although the D2 and D3…

CELL SIGNALING AND CELL TRANSDUCTION INTRODUCTION: In this lecture, we will study about cell signaling and signal transduction. Each cell in a multicellular animal is bombarded with chemical signals that are made by other cells and this is how communication occurs at cells level by different signaling molecule. Signals that regulate cell metabolism, alter or maintain its differentiated state, determine whether it should divide, and dictate whether it will live or die. The word “signals” in…

and integrin ligands. Prolonged selectin-mediated rolling of neutrophils and lymphocytes may also lead to integrin activation. Once firmly arrested, integrins serve for leukocytes to bind to other blood-borne leukocytes and platelets. Activated T cells and B cell blasts express high levels of adhesive integrins (Engelhardt, 2006). All other leukocytes maintain their integrins in mostly inactive states and must undergo in situ modulation to develop high avidity for their special ligands.…

greatly the pharmaceutical interventions of various neurodegenerative disorders, brain tumours and impairment of the CNS [1].BBB is the main route for the therapeutic compounds targeted to the brain. But, majority of the neuro-medicines, transporter ligands and hydrophilic (water loving) molecules have less permeability across this region [1]. Nanocarriers (size 1-100nm) are defined as carriers being used to transport drug molecules to the target site. Nanocarriers, specifically amphiphilic…

A century ago, the humankind had no idea about tumor necrosis factor (TNF); however, physician William B Cooley was able to demonstrate the principle of anti-tumoral response in vivo as early as in 1891 (1,2). He escalated the idea of anti-tumoral response based on his observation of remission of lesions in patients injected with a mixture of dead Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria (1, 2). Due to the lack of understanding of mechanism behind this observation, it was not…

containing d-block metals and hydrocarbons.2 Ferrocene, as shown in Figure 1, is an organometallic compound consisting of two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings attached to opposite sides of iron. The “η5” hapticity indicates that five atoms from the Cp ligand are coordinating to the iron ion. The iron contributes six electrons with it’s oxidation state of 2+, and the Cp rings each contribute six electrons. Thus, the total electron count of…

Cell Signalling and Disease Project: Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms of pancreatic cancer are rarely visible until the disease reaches an advanced stage, which contributes to the low survival rate (six percent). When symptoms are present, they include body pain (specifically in the torso or middle back), nausea, fatigue, blood clotting, dark urine, weight loss, and yellowing on the skin and eyes. This disease very rarely afflicts people under the age of forty-five, although it is possible. Although…

complexes, the metal atoms act as charge carriers reservoir supply the complex with the free electrons and the metal ion can act as a bridge to facilitate the flow of current. To illustrate the effect of the metal type on the electrical resistivity of the ligand, isothermal…

3.1: Ligand preparation: A series of benzimidazole derivatives were used to prepare the ligand dataset using benzimidazole as the query molecule. All the inhibitors selected comply with the Lipinski rule of five. A total of 50 molecules were taken up for the study. 3.2 Virtual screening: To further screen the compounds, additional similarity metrics were calculated by ROCS. ROCS is a shape based superposition method used to perceive similarity between molecules based on their three dimensional…

the water ligand and the AsPt centre within the hydrolysis reaction hence the chloride substitution is easier with a lower activation barrier than cisplatin. As shown in figure 1, the N1-C1, O1-C1 and the N2-C3/ O2-C3 are indicative of a high degree of delocalisation present in the chelate rings formed by bridging N,O acetylamido ligands. Additionally, the As–Pt bond is strong and As simultaneously acts Lewis base (As-Pt) and as a Lewis acid (O-As). This allows it to undergo rapid ligand…