Ligand

JNK is one of the three branches of MAPK superfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Other members of this superfamily are p38 kinases and the ERKs (Kyriakis and Avruch, 2012). In mammals, there are 3 JNK genes: Jnk1, Jnk2, and Jnk3 on 3 different chromosomes, and each mammalian JNK gene has alternative splicing forms (Derijard et al., 1994). JNK is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The JNK pathway plays a major role in apoptosis. JNK pathway is required for…

CDH2 CDH2 gene codes for the protein N-cadherin, also known as Cadherin-2 (CDH2), or neural cadherin (NCAD). Studies on this gene has discovered that it is located on Chromosome 18-NC_000018.10, assembly GRCh38.p2 on humans, and contains 20 exons.(9) N-cadherin is one of the classification of the cadherin superfamily, and is composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, highly conserved cytoplasmic tail and a transmembrane region. This protein’s purpose is to mediate cell-cell adhesion by…

Osteoporosis, otherwise known as porous bone, is characterized by a decrease in bone density as well as depreciation of bone tissue. Due to these conditions, there is an increased risk of bone breakages and fractures of the hip, spine, and the wrist. Both men and women are susceptible to osteoporosis; however, several preventative methods and treatments are currently out there. Here in the United States, approximately 40 million people are affected by the disease or have a higher susceptibility…

the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), which are expressed as receptors on the surface of T cells and negatively regulate the T cell response. It has been shown that some tumour cells can express the ligand for the PD-1 receptor, actively preventing the T cells from acting against the tumour (Zou and Chen, 2008). Therapeutically blocking CTLA-4 and PD-1 using antibodies decreases the negative regulation of T cells and can therefore allow a greater…

Genome-Wide Mapping of in Vivo Protein-DNA Interactions Vast knowledge is available on transcription factor binding. Unfortunately, not much is known about the structure and function of complete DNA interactomes. Even less is known about organisms with larger genomes. Presently mouse, human, and other large genomes have been sequenced. Thus, it is feasible to quantify how transcription factors are carried along a whole genome for various cells in physiological conditions. If measurements are…

One of the qualities of lead that make it one of the most highly studied heavy metals is its ability to enter and distributes into the body’s organ systems. Inorganic lead is absorbed by coming into contact with the skin, ingestion, and inhalation.* It is debated whether ingestion of lead or inhalation of lead caused the most significant damage and which one occurs more frequently. The physiological effects of lead can be seen soon after exposure. The uptake of lead in the body is influenced by…

The enrichment of Role of Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (DCC) in regulating apoptosis signal transduction pathway was an important finding that indicated the role of Dapk1 in colorectal carcinoma through regulation of ligand-independent caspase activation (Forcet, et al., 2001). The pathways related to Notch signaling were the next significantly enriched biological pathways with practical implications in targeting cancer cells because of crosstalk with different developmental…

3. Nanomedicine in the treatment of cardiovascular disease 3.1 Intervention in cardiovascular disease with liposome Delivery of therapeutics to targeted tissues is possible through the design and construction of nanoscale particles while reduced toxicity as well as higher efficiency is obtainable [67,68]. Liposomes have huge skillfulness with regard to physicochemical characteristics, permitting acclimatization of the tiny particle to dovetail to the exact biological application [69]. Building…

Introduction: Herpes Labialis, also known as the cold sore, is characterized by painful clusters of clear blisters on or around the mouth, and is often accompanied with fever. The disease is usually caused by the virus HSV-1, or herpes simplex type 1, but can also be caused by HSV-2. In a previous study, it was found that 67.6% of Americans possessed antibodies for HSV-1, establishing HSV-1 as an exceptionally prevalent virus even in developed countries 9. The virus is spread through skin to…

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a gradually progressive brain disorder that deteriorates the cognitive, behavior, and functioning status affecting more than 5.4 million people in America (Ehret & Chamberlin, 2015). The real cause of AD is unknown, but several studies are leaning toward genetic and environmental factors (Ehret & Chamberlin, 2015). However, these patients suffer from non-reversible conditions that gradually deteriorate until their death. An important concept will be to understand what…