Ligand

Stone Man Syndrome A. Introduction Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP), also known as ‘Stone Man Syndrome’, is an extremely rare genetic disorder which affects as little as 1 in 2 million people without ethnic, racial, gender, or geographic predilection (www.iofbonehealth.org). The median life span of someone with FOP is reduced to 40 years due to the debilitating nature of the disorder, with death usually being caused by the complications of thoracic insufficiency syndrome in the later…

Studying the human body is an intimate academic exercise – my fingers move in response to messages sent through my nervous system and words appear on the page. Either side of the divide - the neuromuscular junction In order for motor neurons to communicate with the skeletal muscle fibres of my fingers, a synapse is formed between them, known as a neuromuscular junction. The neural and muscular sides of the NMJ have different roles to play. The motor neuron’s axon terminal, along which nerve…

Late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive function that interferes with daily activities [38](Holtzman et al., 2011). The neuropathology involves neurofibrillary tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques which obstruct proper synapse function and lead to neuronal cell loss and atrophy [5](Ballard et al., 2011). The most crucial risk factor is age; the risk doubles…

A detailed description of soil locations, textures and physio-chemical properties can be found in Sections 2.3.1(page 41) and 3.3.1(page 56). We selected four types of soils out of seven types of soils, namely MGA, KBA, TAA and DUA. Key soil characterisation of these four soils is summarised in Table 4.2. The reason why these four types of soils were chosen for this chapter was that they had distinct soil parameters in terms of total organic carbon (TOC), Fe oxide, Al oxide, pH which have been…

inhibiting the oxidative stress and subsequent JNK activation. Some previous studies have reported that bcl-2 over-expression in hepatocytes protects against injury induced by hepatectomy [38], cholestasis [39], ischaemia/reperfusion [40] and Fas ligand [41]. Unexpectedly, bcl-2 overexpression has been shown to enhance APAP hepatotoxicity [42]. In harmony with this finding, nilotinib reduction in APAP hepatotoxicity might be linked to the inhibition of bcl-2 over-expression in the…

The aim of this paper was to find a correlation between elevated levels of testosterone and prostate cancer. The rationale behind this is testosterone is needed for the formation of the prostate. Elevated level are need for adolescent males can form their reproductive system, in which the prostate is included. Also the formation of the adrenal gland is important because testosterone is an androgen that is made it the adrenal gland after puberty. Therefore, some scientists believe that there is a…

It’s interesting to see the progression of weapons from the early beginnings to now. Most people believe that chemical warfare agents were first introduced during the World Wars. Interestingly enough, the concepts of these agents were developed as early as 600 B.C. They weren’t known as chemical warfare agents however; the techniques that were used mimic the action of these agents that are being used today. During the Peloponnesian War between Sparta and Athens, the Spartan army used a mixture…

Problem Polymeric nanoparticle to treat Breast Cancer: Abraxane, Albumin-based nanoparticle loaded with Paclitaxel. Introduction Cancer in general is when abnormal cells start growing out of control. These abnormal cells have gone through a mutation in the genome and have lost their ability of growth checkpoint. This means the cells had changes in their DNA and instead of repairing the damage or dying, it continues to divide thus leading to cancer because of faulty cells. The damage to…

Viral pathogens use liver cells to replicate, then attach to their lipid droplets to to accumulate, assemble and bud off into the rest of the body. Liver produces and secretes LDL, VLDL and HDL which are taken up by every cell in the body that uses cholesterol, including the liver cells that take them up too.2 Viruses hijack these lipoproteins and use them to get into the liver cells, where they replicate, which opens up a gateway to the rest of the body. They replicate within the endoplasmic…

Agar blocks of the stem TR-S1 endophyte were cut from the pure strain actively growing on PDA Petri dishes and transferred to 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks containing a 200 g sized recipe of Corn Grit Agar(CGA). TR-S1 endophyte was incubated at room temperature at 26-28C for 21 days. Fungal metabolites were then extracted by acetone which was then partitioned with ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. TLC analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction revealed the characteristic blue spots of polyketides…