Ligand

proteins are vital for the synaptic vesicles filled with Acetylcholine to dock to the terminal of the neuromuscular junction when an impulse is received. The vesicles then fuse and release the Acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine binds to ligand-gated ion channels, opening them and initiating muscle contraction. By cleaving the SNARE proteins, the entire process is disrupted and paralysis of the myosin filaments…

Importance of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as a Drug Target Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found in humans’ central nervous system and play a major role in the peripheral nervous system, including acting as a neuronal communication channel; available at the skeleton muscle and receives acetylcholine purposely released to transmission for contraction of muscles. Additionally, they are responsible for the conversion of neurotransmitter bindings into electronic depolarization. Here, the…

The human body is made up of thousands of cells, each with a defined genetic program that allows them to work synchronically to regulate the metabolic and physiological processes required by the organism. All cells die (not accidentally), because in old age or because they are Cell death by apoptosis plays a crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis. This process is carried out through mitochondrial permeabilization and the activation of caspases. The condensation of chromatin and the…

Plasticizers are compounds found in plastic that help provide them their flexibility and softness. They are found in almost any common product, such as, make-up and water bottles. The most commonly used plasticizers are phthalates and adipates. More than a million tons of phthalates are produced each year. Precautions were made to prevent the use of plasticizers in products such as children’s toy throughout the years, due to their potentially harmful effects. In a seminar given on October 9,…

“Mystery creates wonder and wonder is the basis of man’s desire to understand.” - Neil Armstrong, the man who first set his foot on the moon, then a distant object and a source of awe; and it is in this quest of surmounting the unconquered and taming the wild which denotes man’s insatiate desire to understand Nature. Evolution has been the fundamental reason for progress of life on earth and the eclectic strategies employed by Mother Nature in the eternal perpetuation of the process are simply…

Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter and paracrine signalling molecule in all bilateral animals, where it mediates gut movements and the animal's perceptions of resource availability. 5-HT was found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) [1] [2]. Approximately 90% of 5-HT in the human body is synthesized and released in the GI tract, and the remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS. 5-HT is synthesized from…

disease is a disease that causes parts of the brain to break down; degenerate. This disease doesn’t show it’s symptoms between the ages 30 and 50. The gene name is HTT, the official name is huntingtin. HTT belongs to the family called endogenous ligands. It’s passed from one generation to the next, the size of CAG trinucleotide repeat often increase in size. A larger number of repeats is usually associated with an earlier onset of signs and symptoms. This phenomenon is called anticipation. …

axon guidance, growth cones navigate the microenvironment and encounter interaction with receptor proteins and cell surface bound ligands in route to their target field. Their ultimate goal upon arrival is to create functional synaptic connections. Synapse formation involves organized cell morphological and structural modifications that are carried out through ligand-receptor interactions, intracellular signaling cascades, and complex filamentous actin remodeling. Studies have revealed that…

Experiment 15B was conducted in order to learn about the Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridine synthesis mechanism. Furthermore, this lab will give students a better understanding of the terms pharmacophore and a privileged structure. In order for this reaction to occur an aldehyde, ammonia, and two equivalents of a B-ketoester go through a one-pot cyclocondensation reaction. After 1,4-dihydropyridine is formed, it is then oxidized to form its pyridine derivative. Alcohol or Acetic acid is then used as a…

GBM Satellite Lesions & Chemokines: Go or Grow Hypothesis Oncolytic virotherapy therefore offers one strategy to target cancer. Oncolytic viruses take advantage of the natural propensity of cancer cells to provide an optimal state for viral replication. After infection of tumor cells, oncolytic virus replication generates progeny that are released by cytolysis to infect nearby tumor cells, amplifying the therapeutic payload throughout the tumor and potentially reaching distal cells…