Ligand

Circular Dichroism (CD) fundamentals. CD is defined as the difference between absorptions of left (Al) and right (Ar) circularly polarized light beams, CD=Al-Ar For each absorption band, the CD of two enantiomers are always exactly opposite. Theory. For each electronic transition one can define an electric (µij≠0) and a magnetic (mij≠0) transition dipole. Both can lead to absorption of radiation, the intensity of which is directly related to the oscillator strength f, fij≈| µij |2+ | mij |2 In…

Bismuth is the 83rd chemical in the periodic table. It is found as a natural metal on the surface of the earth. Bi has a ground state electronic configuration of [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 and trivalent and pentavalent Bi, Bi(III) and Bi(V), respectively, are the two predominant oxidation states. [27] It was discovered over a thousand years ago but was often confused with tin and lead. It is a prevalent post transition metal, which chemically resembles arsenic or antimony. Bismuth is the most naturally…

Albuterol is an adrenergic receptor agonist with pharmacological properties and therapeutic indications similar to terbutaline. The mechanism of the anti-asthmatic action of adrenergic receptor agonists is without a doubt linked to the direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle and the bronchodilator. Although human bronchial smooth muscle receives little or no sympathetic stoppage, it contains large numbers of adrenergic receptors. When the adrenergic receptors activate the adenylyl cyclase…

encapsulation efficiency is < 3mole% mainly due to the low affinity of drug for the lipid bilayers.91, 95-97 4. Lysosomal degradation: One of the major limitations of active targeting using ligand-directed immunoliposomes has been their rapid clearance due to non-specific uptake by the cells of RES. The ligand (antibodies) conjugated with liposomes may increase the liposome size and reduce extravasation and thus could limit targeting to intravascular targets. Moreover, immunoliposome enter…

All observations made throughout the lab should be noted, including any color changes that occur throughout each reaction as well as the time it takes for each change to occur and the temperature at which each reaction occurs. The amount of each reagent used should also be recorded and the expected yield should be calculated as well as the percent yield for the experiment. Then an analysis of the final product using proton NMR as well as IR should be performed to determine the purity of the…

PART 2 Article 1: Researchers disguise drugs as platelets to target cancer 1) Describe the structure of the nanoparticle, including what it is composed of and what it contains inside and possesses on the outside. Inside there is a synthetic core nanogel. On the outside it possesses a platelet membrane shell. The TRAIL is attached on the surface of membrane and Dox is loaded in the core of nanogel. ( Hu, 2015 para. 1) 2) Explain the mechanism of how the nanoparticle system delivers the drug to…

Introduction Interhalogen compounds are molecules containing two or more different halogen atoms. The general formula for interhalogen consists of XYn, where n is equal to 1,3,5 or 7 and the central halogen, X, being less electronegative than halogen Y results in the formation of polarized covalent bonds. This experiment consisted of using experimental techniques to synthesize and decompose highly reactive, thus unstable, interhalogens that seemingly violate the octet rule. Synthesis…

Neuropathic pain whether based on an injury or a result of a form of dysfunction from the nervous system is still a condition which better treatment options are still being researched. Neuropathic pain can even be divided further into peripheral and central neuropathic pain. While peripheral pain may result from a disease, a more central neuropathic pain may result from damage to brain or spinal cord. [] Despite numerous medications in the market and therapy treatments which patients endure,…

loop, the side chain of Arg-224 holds the L-aspartate/L-asparagine product/substrate in place in the active site through a fork of hydrogen bonds in a salt bridge between the N atoms of the Arg-224 guanidium group and the α-carboxylate group of the ligand. Glu-250 stabilizes this conformation of the active site by forming hydrogen bonds with the side chains of Arg-224 and His-117. Binding of sodium into the activation loop results in a conformational change whereby the side chain of His-117…

The purpose of the lab was to determine the stability constant of the complex ion Thiocyanatoiron[1], Fe(SCN)+2. This was done through the lab technique, spectrophotometry. The main chemical equation focused on for the experiment was [Fe(H2O)6]+3(aq) + SCN-(aq)  [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]+2(aq) + H2O[2]. However, because the concentration of water in the dilute aqueous solution is constant it can be written in the simple form of Fe+3(aq) + SCN-(aq)  Fe(SCN)+2(aq)[2]. In the experiment the stability…