Ligand

flagellin are protein ligands present on and around Gram-negative bacteria that would be among those translocating, and they bind to toll like receptor (TRL) 4 and TLR5 on macrophages in the portal vein and Kupffer cells in the liver of mice (Wang et al., 2013; Jarvelainen et al., 2000). The alcohol opens a pathway for the bacteria to travel into the portal vein where they are detected by the…

1. In a re-sequencing study to detect genetic variation that influences expression and inducibility of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, novel mutations are detected in the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3), a nuclear hormone receptor that acts as a transcription factor and controls the expression of CYPs including CYP34. Activation of CAR induces (increases) the expression of CYP enzymes. An alignment of the amino acid sequence of human, monkey, rat, and mouse CARs is indicated below.…

Transcytosis is mediated by the binding of a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of an endothelial cell, with its specific ligand on the apical side. Caveolin-I protein present on the apical surface of the plasma membrane then forms microdomains called ‘caveolae’, which mediate transport of the ligand-receptor complex into the cell. Thus, coupling the nanocarrier-drug conjugate to a ligand that specifically binds a receptor protein on endothelial cells of the BBB, will ensure targeting of…

Pure Copper Iodide were synthesised and the mass percentage of Copper in purified Copper (I) Iodide sample were determined by applying Beer’s Law in UV-Vis spectroscopy. Absorbance value of Cu-cuprizone solution was measured. Using the absorbance value of 0.3576 , the concentration of the Cu-cuprizone solution were obtained at 0.001389g/L with reference to the graph of the standard solution A to D. The graph of absorbance against concentration of the standard solution A to D shows a linear…

1-[Cyano(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]cycloalkanol (VF-I) synthesized through the reaction of p-methoxyphenylacetonitrile and cyclohexanone using aq. NaOH and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as PTC. NaBH4 and CoCl2 in 2:1 THF: H2O used for the reduction of VF-I to obtain 1-(2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol (VF-II). Further, venlafaxine derivative of the amino acid -carboxamide (VFCA-I toVII ) synthesized through coupling of N-Phthaloyl amino acid chloride derivative (2a-2g-…

molecules throughout the initial phase of T cell activation. CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic T cells; they recognize peptides represented on MHC Class I. MHC Class I is located on all nucleated cells. T cells with CRTAM (CRTAM+) mediate cell adhesion with its ligand, Cadm1. CD8+ T cells with CRTAM associate with CD8+ dendritic cells with Cadm1 in lymph nodes. This association is crucial for the aggregation of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and their consequent increase when draining lymph…

4. Metal poisoning came to the foreground of the American consciousness when a spotlight was shown on the high lead levels in Flint’s water system in Michigan. Although many steps have been performed to reduce lead poisoning, namely in children, such as removing lead paint from homes in 1978, removing lead from gasoline, and proposing stricter laws on imported toys containing lead, heavy metal poisoning still exists. Chelation therapy is still the preferred medical treatment for such heavy metal…

Cuba cures cancer with a vaccine! Cancer is at the top of the list of threats to the population nowadays. In 2015, there will be an estimated 1,658,370 new cancer cases diagnosed and 589,430 cancer deaths in the US. Lack of effective and definitive cure can be blamed. Cancer starts growing when cells reproduce uncontrollably and mutate. Tumor (formation of the new mutated cells) can become malignant and invade other parts of the organism. At early stage of cancer progression and when the…

To understand the effects of agonists and competitive antagonists the receptors involved must be identified first. There are 2 major groups of receptors present in rat ileum, the first being 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and the second, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) – and of these two groups there are certain subtypes in the ileum contributing to its tone, motility, secretion and blood flow. The 5-HT receptor subtypes most prevalent in the rat ileum were, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B,…

autoimmune disease that leads to self-eradication of the pancreatic beta-cells that are responsible for insulin secretion. Type 2 diabetes involves disrupted absorption of insulin as a result of insulin resistant cell receptors. Though the insulin ligand is present, receptor cells…