Legionella

A trauma patient sustains a crush injury and rapidly develops hyperkalemia. Which of the following treatments primarily acts to neutralize the effects of hyperkalemia on the cellular membrane? A: Insulin and glucose • This combination can be used to treat hyperkalemia however it does not work on the cellular membrane. Insulin lowers the serum potassium concentration by forcing the potassium back into the cell. This is done by enhancing the activity of the Na-K pump. The reason glucose is also…

Pneumonia is an inflammatory infection of the lungs that primarily affects the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli. Pneumonia is a major health concern in the United States and a key cause of mortality and morbidity. Pneumonia can be acquired in the community, in the hospital environment, by aspiration, or inhalation of infective microorganisms (Cilloniz, Martin-Loeches, Garcia-Vidal, San Jose, and Torres, 2016). The purpose of this paper will be to educate and inform on the pneumonia…

start after a bad cold or flu. The bacteria which most commonly causes pneumonia is streptococcus pneumonia, this is also known as bacterial pneumonia. There are other bacteria known to cause Bacterial pneumonia these are Chlamydophila pneumonia and legionella…

1. Differential diagnosis (names of possible bacteria) You should include at least 6 most relevant bacteria that can cause signs and symptoms given in the case study and rationale for including each of them (1 sentence maximum for each). An elderly man at the hospital emergency has symptoms of high temperature (at 103oF) and an above respiratory rate. Possible bacterial pathogens that could have caused his illness are: Haemophilus influenza – this bacterium, which is more susceptible to the…

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense and is fundamental for the recognition and the initiation of an inflammatory response against microorganism. Maintenance of homeostasis is a primary function of the innate immune system and it is achieved through immune surveillance by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs). The PRR’s are predominantly expressed by cells of the…

Francisella tularensis is an important microbial agent which causes the severe infection of tularemia. The intracellular life cycle of this bacterium is supported by a vast range of protective guards such as enzymes. Although several enzymes are recognized in different subspecies of the bacterium, acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase are seen in all bacterial subspecies. On the other hand, the most important enzymatic system relating to host cells is NADPH oxidase. For this reason, the…

Background: Francisella tularensis (F.tularensis) is the etiological microorganism for tularemia. There are different forms of tularemia such as respiratory tularemia. Respiratory tularemia is the most severe form of tularemia with a high rate of mortality; if not treated. Therefore, traditional microbiological tools and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are not useful for a rapid, reliable, accurate, sensitive and specific diagnosis. But, DNA microarray technology does. DNA microarray technology…

Case study 1 Mr I is suffering from seasonal influenza as he shows symptoms including sneezing, headache, muscle ache, malaise, dry, chesty cough, fever, fatigue and weakness because he can hardly sit up. These are all the symptoms of seasonal influenza (NICE, 2015). Although symptoms of colds and influenza are very similar, but his symptoms developed within two days which is relatively fast, proving that he suffers from influenza instead of cold. As symptoms of influenza develop a lot faster…

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the US Consumer Product (1995) (as cited in Preethi, 2005) sated that people spend approximately 90 percents of their time being indoors. Therefore, for many, due to more exposure of indoor air pollution than outdoor air pollution the risk to health may be greater. The building occupants may be exposed to the variety of contaminants whether in the form of gases and particles derived from office…