Laws of thermodynamics

Piezoelectricity was discovered in1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie, However the term piezoelectricity was coined by W.G. Henkel in 1881.G.Lippman discovered reverse process that is to say on application of electric field mechanical stresses could be developed in 1880 .Which was experimentally proven by curie brothers in 1881. Piezoelectric materials can be natural or synthetic. Natural occurring crystals include quartz, topaz, silk, wood etc. While as synthetic are quartz like, ceramic polymers…

A water jet cutter, commonly called a water jet, is a tool that uses a very high-pressure jet of water or a mixture of water and an abrasive to cut a wide variety of materials. A water jet that does not use abrasives is referred to as a pure water jet or water-only cutting [1]. For a pure water jet (Figure 1) the water is pressurized to the range of 20 - 94 ksi, 138 - 649 MPa at the inlet and forced through an orifice with a diameter of between 0.25 - 4 mm creating a very thin high velocity…

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Table of content Introduction: The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Amul effluent treatment plant, Dist. Anand having capacity to treat 400 KL/day of wastewater. A general systematic flow diagram of WWTP is shown in figure. The system was designed to handle to treat wastewater having high organic content and suspended solids. The heart of the system is Aerobic biological reactor. The system was designed to handle BOD at 20°C of 800 mg/L and Suspended Solids (SS) 250…

Heat stress may occur to human when the controlling means for internal temperature to their body starts to fail (Health and Safety Executive, 2013). There are different contributing factors to the heat stress such as temperature, amount of work performed in heat (ambient temperature), clothing worn at work and humidity. When somebody wears protective dress to perform heavy task in hot environment, can result the heat stress due to: restricting the evaporation of sweating; heat rise in body due…

Omar Lab 1 Cover letter Dear Dr. …………., This experiment aims at determining carbon (IV) dioxide bubble and dew points as a single component by the use of PVT stimulator at four distinctive temperatures. Besides, it determines the increasing of pressure effect on the carbon (IV) dioxide two-phase envelope. The starting pressure was set at two thousand psi with a (±0.1 psi precision. The beginning volume for carbon (IV) dioxide gas was set at zero while the liquid carbon (IV) dioxide at 14.7 cc…

8.5.3 INTERPRETATION Comment on the properties of the soil GENERAL REMARKS: This test is useful when the soil is soft and its water content is near liquid limit. The following precautions are necessary when using field vane shear tests: 1. The vane must be rotated soon (within 5 minutes) after insertion into the depth to be tested as delays of one (1) hour to one day may lead to overestimation of strength by 10% to 20% respectively. 2. Standard rate of rotation is 6 degrees per minute. 3.…

1. Introduction Oxy Acetylene welding is one of many kinds of welding. The fundamental process is to joint two parts of metal becoming one part by a high temperature. The thermal flame is created by using the mixing of oxygen and acetylene gas (anthonycastronovo, nd) 2. Compatible materials are used for oxy acetylene welding: - Mild steel Aluminum, stainless steel, copper and brass. However these things are suitable for brazing process (anthonycastronovo, nd) 3. Before the welding procedure…

Ferroelectricity Among the ferroelectric materials, the static dielectric constant depends on the temperature under the relation: Curie – Weiss relation: €r = P + Q/ (T-Tc), (T> Tc), P, Q are constants temperature independent. C = Curie constant Tc = Curie temperature A transition in phase is observed at temperature Tc. Above this, the material remains in Paraelectric phase (the phase where the elementary dipoles of different crystal unit cells are…

Many people wonder what the best conditions are for growing crystals. Crystals are ordinarily made out of silicon dioxide molecules formed into an interlaced pattern ,or quartz, moreover sodium with chlorine ions interweaved (Science Line). Crystals are often found in mines everywhere, rocks, or even in your own home. These beautiful minerals are very intriguing. It is a worthwhile subject to research. My scientific question is in “In what temperature do crystals grow the longest ?”My hypothesis…