Laws of thermodynamics

Solubility property of ozone is dependent on several extrinsic factors such as temperature, pressure, composition of the medium, pH, gas flow rate, etc. Henry’s law says that the pressure of the gas exerts above the liquid is directly proportional to the solubility of the ozone (Bablon et al., 1991). De Smedt et al. (2001) revealed that solubility of ozone is dependent on pH, temperature and type of additives of the aqueous solution. Levanov et al. (2008) found that solubility of ozone decreased…

AC conductivity: Figure 4.19(a) shows the frequency dependent electrical conductivity of PCL5 electrolyte. The result shows that AC conductivity changes with temperature. The AC conductivity of the PEO/CoCl2 electrolyte increases with temperature is given in Table 4.4, which is the common characteristic of disordered materials. An increase in ac conductivity with frequency and temperature indicates charge transported by hopping through the defect sites along the polymer chain [70]. Also the…

The type of sauna in which light is created by heat it is known as infrared sauna. Traditionally it is used to warm the air, which results in giving warm to the body. It uses infrared heater which emits light of infrared which is absorbed by the skin. Detoxification: Your skin is the better agency of your body. The subcutaneous fatty band is amid just beneath the skin. An infrared sauna emits application that access into the tissues to a depth of 1.5 inches. Stimulates fat cells, sebaceous…

In test system-II, primarily a two area multi source power system is considered with three GENCOs and two DISCOs in each area is shown in Fig. 8. The control area 1 and control area 2 comprises of reheat thermal, hydro and gas power system with the inclusion of non-linearities such as boiler dynamics, time delay (TD), governor dead band (GDB) and generation rate constraint (GRC). Boiler dynamics configuration is incorporated in thermal plants to generate steam under pressure. Changes in the…

Calculating the Enthalpy Change of Combustion of Five Different Alcohol Fuels Including Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol by Heating and Measuring the Change in Temperature of Water using a Temperature Probe Introduction: The enthalpy change of combustion can be calculated using the formula △H = MC△T, where △H is the enthalpy change in kJ mol-1, M is the mass in kilograms, C is the specific heat capacity in kilojoules, and △T is the temperature change in kelvins. In this…

4. Results and discussion 4.1 Material removal rate The material removed from each coupon was determined by measuring its mass before and after electro-polishing. Theoretical values were then obtained using Faraday’s laws of electrolysis as shown in Equation 9. (9) Where m is the mass of material removed in grams, I is the current and t is the electro-polishing time. EW is the equivalent weight which depends on the chemical composition of…

Therefore, the three-dimensional unsteady heat conduction differential equation is: where T (x, t) is the temperature of the spot x at the time t and is also the coefficient of thermal diffusivity used to measure the heat transfer and storage ability of the material, which varies with temperature and position. Equation (5) gives the form of three-dimensional heat transfer function. It is generally difficult to find the analytical solution because of the complexity of the actual solution…

1.2. The ideal vapor- compression Refrigeration cycle Many of the impracticalities related with the reversed Carnot cycle can be removed by vaporizing the refrigerant completely before it is compressed and by replacing the turbine with a throttling devices, such as an expansion valve or capillary tube, The cycle that results is called the ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle, and is shown schematically and on T-s diagram in Fig 1.2. The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is the most…

The schematic diagram presented in Figure 1.1 illustrates the experimental rig used for the kinetic analysis of reactive flash volatilization (RFV) of acetol and guaiacol. The flow rates of oxygen and nitrogen gases were regulated using mass flow controllers (the type and serial number). Water, on the other hand, was delivered to an evaporator by a high-performance liquid chromatography pump (Agilent) at rates between 0.06 to 0.17 ml/min. The evaporator set at a temperature of 180C allowed to…

‘Shape Factor' New Concept as a Determinant The Thermal Behavior of the Domed Roof: A Comparative Study Jamal Abed Al Wahid Jassim al Sudany Department of architectural Decorating, Institute of Applied Arts, Middle Technical University-Iraq Jamal_al_sudany@yahoo.com Abstract— Domes were used extensively to cover the roofs of buildings, particularly mosque buildings; The purpose of this paper was to examine the role of the formation of domed roof of the thermal behavior of a relationship…