Lactic acid

Introduction Lactate dehydrogenase also known as LDH is a critical enzyme that is found in all mammals. It exists as a tetramer in five isoforms with a combination of heart and muscle subunits. One of its main functions is to catalyze the reaction of pyruvate to lactate. This reaction occurs in an anaerobic environment where the body needs to make sufficient energy as fast as possible, therefore pyruvate ferments to lactate with the help of LDH to produce enough NAD+ to power glycolysis. LDH-5,…

Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to test whether or not the heart rate of a daphnia was effected by three different solutions being added: alcohol, lactic acid and, caffeine. We determined that when alcohol was added the heart rate would decrease. When lactic acid was added the heart rate would decrease, as well. When caffeine was added the heart rate would increase. We determined that alcohol would slow the heart rate because it is a depressant. Since humans that drink alcohol…

Building, Victoria Street, Stellenbosch University. Rudi Scholtz, Thelema Mountain Vineyards, Helshoogte Pass, Stellenbosch. August 2015 ABSTRACT Malolactic fermentation is the conversion of harsh and acidic malic acid to a more desirable form of lactic acid in wine by Lactic acid bacteria, after the completion of alcoholic fermentation. This reaction can take place naturally in wine, proving to be very unpredictable and not always favourable, or by inoculation with bacterial cultures.…

Malic acid is one of the primary contributors of acidity in the grape. Its concentration tends to decrease as the grape ripe and it is mostly due to metabolic respiration. The vine and grape are depend on the Malic acid as a fuel in respiration. During warmer days, the metabolic respiration will be higher and thus decrease the total amount of Malic acid. However when in a cooler climates, the concentration of mMlic acid will remain at initial levels or slightly decrease only. Malic acid is very…

oxygen3. Serratia Marcescens is a gram negative bacterium. Gram negative bacteria have a thin cell of a single layer of peptidoglycan that is enclosed by an outer membrane. The outer membrane is surrounded by special phospholipids composed of fatty acids called lipopolysaccharides that are attached to a glucosamine…

is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland by a buffering system. A buffer solution is used to maintain the pH at a safe acidity. “A buffer solution is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid” (Boundless, 2010) Equation 1 – Generic Buffer Equation HA (aq) + H2O (l) --> H3O+(aq) + A-(aq) Note that equation 1 is reversible, and all equations that are reversible have to be at a state of.equilibrium.…

Investigation was carried out to assess the effect of salt concentration on quality of sauerkraut prepared from mature cabbage head. Cabbage sample were chopped in small pieces and mixed with different salt concentrations ie., 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 % and allowed to ferment for preparation of sauerkraut at ambient condition. Acidity of sauerkraut increased with increase in fermentation period and it reached maximum on 21 days after fermentation and thereafter it decreased in all the salt…

go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate acid and hydrogen ions. This equation can also be reversed; it is a chemical equilibrium. If the hydrogen ions rise, bicarbonate accepts the hydrogen ions and the equilibrium shifts left thus making the blood acidic. When the blood becomes acidic, acidosis…

polycondensation of lactic acid is the modest reaction that forms lactide simultaneously by the decomposition processes and it is not used for the large production of PLA [19-22]. Back in the days, the direct polycondensation was assumed as the reaction that produces inadequate polymers with low molecular weight. But with the development of the condensation reaction, it can produce polymers with significantly high molecular weight [23-25]. Oligomer Polycondensation The lactic acid does the…

milk is mixed with sulphuric acid and iso-amyl alcohol in a special Gerber tube, permitting dissolution of the protein and release of fat. The tubes are centrifuged and the fat rising into the calibrated part of the tube is measured as a percentage of the fat content of the milk sample. Apparatus: - Butyro meter, 10.75ml pipette,amyl alcohol, stoppers, gerber centrifuge, water bath. Reagents:-Sulphuric acid, amyl alcohol. Procedure:-  Transfer 10 ml of sulphuric acid in to butyro meter .  Warm…