Kyoto Protocol

company's direct emissions. Direct GHG emissions occurring from sources that are owned or controlled by the company (ie, sources within the organisational boundary). For example, emissions from combustion of fuel in owned or controlled vehicles. The GHG Protocol and ISO 14064-1 require Scope 1 emissions to be reported. Options for calculating scope 1 emissions include: i. Method 1 – using default emissions factors derived from the latest version of the National Greenhouse Account Factors;…

2.2.2 ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH The primary concern of an economic dispatch problem is to minimize the fuel cost of thermal power plants for a given load demand subject to the operating constraints of a power system. Therefore, it can be formulated mathematically with an objective function and constraints 2.2.2.1 Objective Function The primary objective of any ELD problem is to reduce the operational cost by fulfilling the load demand within limit of constraints. The various kinds of objective…

Legislation and regulation regarding immigration into Canada have been major issue and a growing topic of discussion in recent years. Canada has a population of 33 million and has needed a large influx of immigrants to help support the workforce. With more skilled immigrants arriving to Canada, more would be able to contribute to the economy of Canada. In 2002, the number of immigrants was 229,000. In 2015, Canada has welcomed over 285,000 new citizens to live in Canada. Just last year in 2015…

Tax the CO2 "The problem of climate change involves a fundamental failure of markets: those who damage others by emitting greenhouse gasses generally do not pay," said Sir Nicholas, the President of the British Academy (Benjamin, 2007). The economic activities conducted by developed countries produce a lot of greenhouse gasses, especially CO2, which directly lead to climate change, such as global warming. However, the impacts of high emission don’t fall on these countries. According to the…

Climate change continues to be a serious problem facing the international community, and efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions require global cooperation. As it stands, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change spearheads the international community 's efforts to tackle climate change by establishing an international climate change regime, but the UNFCCC is not without its critics. Meanwhile, the US-China Climate Change Agreement suggests the potential for bilateral or mini-lateral forums…

Do engineers have a responsibility to ensure that designs are aesthetically pleasing and environmentally acceptable as well as functional? A sustainable project has many benefits and allows Civil Engineers to take responsibly to make sure that what they build and design is not only functional, but is both aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly. This means Civil Engineers have to strive to create a sustainable project and in essence aiming for perfection. Why do we have to make…

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key cause of global warming and other environmental damage according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A green tax is an excise tax that could provide considerable environmental pollution relief by promoting environmentally sustainable practices via economic incentives. As part of President Obama’s administration’s Green initiative, a policy implementation of a green tax on carbon would greatly benefit the United States’ environment and economy…

European Union is recognized as one of the leaders in implementing new environmental policies and instruments for them. The targets of the EU are often ones of the most ambitious in the world. Adaptation strategies are developing continuously to strengthen the resilience of Europe. However, for the EU member states it is not an easy task to collaborate in dealing with environmental issues, since their recourses and targets differ. For instance, in October 2014 The EU leaders agreed on greenhouse…

The extent and causes of global warming have become an issue of argumentative political debate in major countries, for instants, China, the United State, India, and Russia who produced most of greenhouse gases (Brander, 2014). The temperature on earth has increase dramatically that caused by greenhouse gas or CO2 emission (Carbon dioxide emission is the greenhouse gas produced by human activities) is a negative externality problem that affects the world. Not only it damaged the atmosphere and…

In 1992, Tanzania had its first national energy policy and the latest national energy policy was published in 2003. The national policy 2003 mainly focused on the national energy needs in Tanzania, and in the policy, to develop domestic cost effective energy resources, to improve energy reliability, efficiency and security, and to reduce deforestation were also highlighted as the subsidiary objectives. 2003 national energy policy put climate change concept in its content, and it is the first…