Kyoto Protocol

Packet switching. What they called ARPANET led to the development of the internetworking, where multiple networks could be join together over to create a network of networks. IP defined by RFC791 was the first widely used version of the internet protocol. This was known as version four, this would make you think that there were three other version of IP before this version however there really was not. IPv4 was originally designed for an internetwork, a fraction of what the size of the internet…

There are four major characteristics of NIT, but I would like to select another four important key points. The first term – social contagion, was used by Nicholas Christakis in his speech about social networks that help to predict epidemics. As soon as NITs are not only technical, but social too, this term can definitely characterize new information technologies. As author explains, contagion means instilling of some theories or choices, or marketing influence on people, by making them to buy…

Multi-tasking in the Internet age Introduction Multi-tasking could be referred to as the capability of doing more than a single work, simultaneously. Human multi-tasking is a term which has originated from the computer multi-tasking itself, where a computer performs more than a single task at a time. Human multi-tasking example could be as simple as sending an email while talking over a phone call. One would think that he’s actually saving the time, but I reality he’s killing extra time, as he…

Q1.Ethernet has become the standard for LAN communications. Give a brief overview of structure of an Ethernet frame. Ethernet and Wi-Fi are the most commonly used technologies to set up Local Area Networks today. It operates by using Carrier Sense Multiple Access Detection (CSMA/CD) to control media access. (Study CCNA, 2016) The structure of an Ethernet Frame is as follows: The Ethernet Frame Structure (Anon., 2013) Explanation: • Preamble: This field is responsible for harmonizing bits…

Internet and Loyalty, Resistance and Deviance Through internet, anyone can broadcast their voice both as identified or anonymous. In comparison to before internet; you had to go through controlled channels such as radio or television, physically be present in protests, or write letters or make phone calls which have a limited reception. So how does internet affect loyalty, resistance and defiance, and especially voice and exit? Inflation of Voice Via internet, anyone can access a multitude of…

Answer 2) Shared CPU Architecture. Architecture of Cisco 7200 Series Router: The Network processing engine comprises the central memory, the CPU, the Peripheral Component Interconnect memory, while NPE 100 uses dynamic random access memory, and the regulator integrated circuit for the buses. While performing simultaneous high touch WAN edge facilities, the Network processing Engine supplies wire rate output. Improved by a procedure concentrated microcode engine called Parallel Express Forwarding…

Most people don’t know what the internet really is. In his book Tubes: a journey to the center on the internet, Andrew Blum goes all around the world to finally put an answer to the question. Blum acknowledges how we are becoming a more internet dependent society, and questions why the world inside the screen seemed to have no physical reality. Blum battles the public’s conception of the internet as a “nebulous electronic solar system, a cosmic cloud” (Blum 6). The internet is not some ethereal…

1) Eavesdropping: It can be defined as secretly listening to the private conversation of others without their consent. Here an attacker can choose to passively eavesdrop on the network communication and steal the data. Through passive eavesdropping attackers apparently eliminate their presence in the network and make such attacks difficult to detect. The goal of such an attack is to violate the confidentiality of the communications by intercepting the network and sniffing or listening to…

This protocol is classified into rounds; every round composed of two phases; Set-up Phase (1) Advertisement Phase (2) Cluster Set-up Phase Steady Phase (1) Schedule Creation (2) Data Transmission A. Setup Phase: Every node selects independent of other nodes if it will become a CH or not. This selection takes into consideration when the node behaved as a CH for the last time. In the advertisement phase, the CHs inform their neighboring node with an advertisement packet that they become CHs.…

In this section the fast-recovery algorithm that makes TCP NewReno[1] perform better than the Reno[3], is described. During congestion avoidance if the sender receives triple duplicate ACKs, then it performs fast-retransmission and enters into fast-recovery. In fast-retransmit the sender retransmits the lost segment,sets the threshold value for slow-start as ssthresh = cwnd/2, and sets congestion window, cwnd = ssthresh+3 segments. In fast-recovery, the sender increases its congestion window by…