Kidney stone

Each patient took a urine test and tests were run to see what colour the urine was, this determines how concentrated the urine is. If the urine is darker and has a smell then the urine is more concentrated. If the urine is a light colour and no smell that means it is not as concentrated. Additionally, the urine was tested to determine the pH, glucose, protein, ketone, yeast, blood, nitrite, bilirubin and urobilinogen. Glucose levels are tested in order to test for the plasma levels; if the…

Cystitis is the inflammation of the bladder; generally the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection known as a urinary tract infection or a UTI. A bladder infection can cause many problems and can eventually spread to the kidneys causing severe pain depending on the severity of the bacterial infection. The most common bacteria that is responsible for cystitis is, Escherichia coli (E. coli). Pyelonephritis is an example, cystitis and pyelonephritis share many similarities the difference…

The NOTA bill is thirty years old and since then the number of people who need an organ has only increased. With illnesses like diabetes also on the rise, the number one organ that is needed in these cases is the kidney since forty-four percent of those with diabetes have kidney failure (Statistics about diabetes, 2014). The justification of being able to sell organs is to give those who freely want to donate an opportunity to cover the costs of all that come with donation process. Giving more…

Defining the problem How We Know CAUTI is a Problem According to Kennedy et al., (2013) CAUTI’s are identified as one of the most common healthcare related infections. As a result of the high incidence of CAUTI’s, in 2008, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, stopped reimbursing hospitals for the costs of care for patients who develop a CAUTI during hospital stays (Kennedy et al., 2013). Unfortunately, there are approximately“One million catheter-associated urinary tract infections…

IgA nephropathy or Berger’s Disease, is a kidney disorder that arises when IgA settles in the kidneys. More specifically, when the IgA protein accumulates or clumps in the small blood vessels of the kidney, triggering inflammation which damages the glomeruli tissue (Mayo Clinic). Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on the posterior abdominal wall. One of the kidneys main functions is to filter toxic waste from the blood; the glomeruli play an important role in this process. The more…

With having the success of only one of the receivers having to of live up to nine months with the chimpanzee kidneys. A few others that were involved are Baby Fae, which was the first, ever baby to receive a baboon heart in nineteen eighty-four she only lived up to only twenty days with her Xenotransplant though (XENOTRANSPLANTATION: The Benefits and Risks of Special…

So, creatinine clearance needs to be calculated in order to estimate GFR. Since clearance defined as the volume of plasma that is completely cleared or cleaned by the kidney when excreting substance in urine, it is a good way to determine if the kidneys are functioning properly. Creatinine is a metabolic byproduct of skeletal muscle that is freely filtered, not re-absorbed and with little secretion. Although creatinine clearance is not completely accurate when…

Isabel: The normal range for triglycerides is anything less than 150 mg/dL (The Mayo Clinic Staff). Your levels are within the normal range. Mr. Brown: Well that’s good to hear. How about my cholesterol? Isabel: Let’s see. Your cholesterol is at 210 mg/dL. The desirable amount would be anything below 200 mg/dL (The Mayo Clinic Staff, 2016). You are what we call borderline high (The May Clinic Staff, 2016). Mr. Brown: What is cholesterol and what would make my cholesterol high? Isabel: Think of…

Glomerular filtration is the physical method the kidney uses to sort what should be excreted from what should be kept in the bloodstream. In the first part of the process, a membrane called the filtrate membrane filters out red blood cells, large proteins, and other large plasma solutes. For example, albumin is filtered out at this point, with only a tiny amount remaining in the subsequent glomerular filtrate. Because the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus is much larger than its efferent…

end-product of deamination of amino acids. In vivo, it is physiologically produced, predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract, myocytes, lymphocytes, and the kidney. Ammonia is neurotoxic if it accumulates but, normally, it is metabolized to urea by hepatocytes, and to glutamine by myocytes and hepatocytes. Urea is excreted by the kidney, but can also diffuse into all tissues and body fluids. In the gastrointestinal tract, bacterial ureases produce ammonia from the urea. Significant formation…