Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

KARL POLANYI: The Great Transformation In the 19th century, economy was still “embedded” (Polanyi, 1992) in the society, that is economic activities were influenced by social, religious and political relationships existing between people. Earlier, market exchange of commodities depended on trust, barter system and mutual understanding. Polanyi distinguishes commodities into real and fictitious commodities. Real commodities are commodities that are produced for sale in market. Polanyi,…

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from Königsberg in Prussia (today Kaliningrad, Russia) who researched, lectured and wrote on philosophy and anthropology during the Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century. Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason 1788, the Metaphysics of Morals 1797, which dealt with ethics, and the Critique of Judgment 1790, which looks at aesthetics and…

economic value that is not subordinated and anonymous items that takes place between strangers that does not require lasting social obligation or personal relationship between the exchangers. Mauss made a distinction between commodities and gifts based on Karl Marx’s work whereby he defines non-commodity (gift) exchange as an “exchange of inalienable things between transactors who are in a state of reciprocal dependence”. A gift being affiliated with the elements of the embodiment of sentiment,…

The Flawed Labour Theory of Value “Value theory is the core of Ricardo’s economics, and consequently the core of classical economics” (Senga, 2017, p.198). Having orientated Ricardo’s writing in the context of his predecessors and contemporaries, this essay hopes to have now highlighted the extent to which Ricardian thought developed naturally in line with classical economics. We shall now move to address two divisive elements of Ricardian thought, which are claimed to constitute a detour;…

The infamous and influential political pamphlet published by Karl Marx in 1848 named ‘The Communist Manifesto’ opens with the famous words "The history of all hitherto societies have been the history of class struggles," and begins to elaborate his proposal. In part 1 of his pamphlet, "Bourgeois and Proletarians," Marx defines his vision of history, focusing on the development and subsequent destruction of the bourgeoisie, the dominant class of his time. Before the bourgeoisie rose to importance…

Harvey Cox’s work The Market as G-d is an analysis of “The Market” and religion—exploring their shared natures and functions as forces within the lived human experience. Cox (in all but name) dissects the structure of a neoliberal economy to discover that the notion of “Free Market” moves and speaks much like that of religion. As Cox explores the relationship between “The Market” and religion within the paradigm of neoliberalism, one witnesses how a neoliberal economy elevates and enthrones the…

In “The Communist Manifesto”, Marx argues that one of the goals of the communist revolution is to create a political and societal system that is compatible with the citizens that reside within its influence. He maintains the belief that human nature is the desire to invent and thrive within a community of their conception, and that said community is designed to benefit the people mutually as they serve within it. Marx’s argument regarding human nature assists our understanding of the present…

In The Disconnection between Power and Rank as a Process, Maurice Bloch talks about the economic and political development of South Asia and Polynesia, and he addresses the main issue of relationship between symbolic ‘rank’ and ‘power’ in the society. He examines how the production of rank through ritual and its importance in the evolution of political systems in Madagascar. Bloch’s ideas on disconnection relates to his argument that spiritual realm or sacred authority involving the particular…

class and forcing them away from society. Nietzsche tapped into religion and how it is justifiable with how a certain society works. In most instances, these theorists discussed poverty and the result of a working class not being represented properly. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote a pamphlet called the Communist Manifesto which discussed…

3. ANALYSIS Based on Marx’s concepts in Marxist criticisms written in the theoretical framework above, the Marxism of the necklace will be analyzed. 3.1 Economic Power in “The Necklace” “The Necklace” short story gives us clear image about society in which the distribution of goods are unfair. Mathilde described as a woman who has no skill or even commodity to sell for. She has only beautiful face and appearance that she uses to attract her husband who has similar status to her. She has no…