Jürgen Habermas

Warner’s Publics and Counterpublics focuses on one key question: What is a public? According to Warner the concept of “public” is usually misunderstood. Warner states that everything has a public. Warner splits his discussion of public and counter publics into seven sections. Warner states that this kind of public that comes into being only in relation to texts and their circulation (like the public of this reflection). The seven sections include: 1. A public is self-organized. It exists just by being addressed. It organizes itself independently of other institutions. 2. A public is a relation among strangers. Publics can introduce us to strangers in a different way. 3. The address of public speech is both personal and impersonal. Public speech…

It is important to find out how reflection is carried out as this is an essential constituent in human learning and development. Reflection is a complex cognitive activity where evidence is generated from own practice, which can then be applied into practice. To discuss, what kind of new learning is possible from reflection, literature related three models of reflections is reviewed. John Dewey (Dewey, 1933, as cited in Rolfe, 2011, p.34), an eminent educationalist and philosopher claimed that…

and therefore could help by providing suggestions of how to care of ones situation. The internet is one of the primary places where people look for employment for example take a look at LinkedIn, with this access one has an upper hand just due to a connection to the internet. LinkedIn is one of many sites which is used for job recruitment. Due to the shift in times this type of technology is required just to get in contact with a company for example having broadband would give you the ability…

Herbert Marcuse published An Essay on Liberation in 1969. Marcuse was a German-born Jewish philosopher and political theorist who fled Germany during World War II and relocated to America. Marcuse was one of the primary theorists of the Frankfurt School and is credited as being one of the founders of Critical Theory. In his essay Marcuse use critical theory to critique the capitalistic society in America and global dominion. The essay is portioned into four main areas which are A Biological…

I Legal procedure and moral-practical discourse 1 Habermas versus Weber on legitimacy and the moral dimension of law In any legal theory the relation between law and morality is problematic. Reflecting on this link is relevant to the issue of the legitimacy of law. The ’classical’ and still predominant view on the legitimacy of law is that of Weber (1956). His concept of formal rationality of law presupposes a strict separation of law from morality. According to Weber, law derives its…

WEEK REFLECTION This week 's reflection has resumed the debate on participation and communication with a special focus on planning theory and practices. This discussion shed light on the rise of new ways of planning different to the traditional rational planning approach. In particular, this reflection expands on communicative planning (sometimes called collaborative planning), an approach based on the use of communication to help different interests in the process understand each other.…

Immanuel Kant is most notably known as the man whose ideas on morality have greatly shaped the landscape of Ethics. Perhaps most important is his concept of rational humans having inherent dignity, but is this philosophy still true today and if so is it still relevant in a society that has so many more facets in a world far more complex than the time he lived. By introducing and explaining Kant’s concept of inherent dignity and showing how some people or groups of people have been at the both a…

The culture industry argument, established by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, is a critique of mass media, which refers to the industrialization of culture, where the masses are not the only source of mass culture; capitalism serves the masses, and treats them like commodities for their own benefit (McAnany & Wilkinson, 1996). Adorno and Horkheimer chose to call it culture industry, rather than mass media, because they believed that in mass media, masses had some influence upon the creation…

theories is to make the individual aware of the constraint that they suffer from and give them the opportunity to see what their real interests are. Secondly, in scientific theories there is no identity between the theory and the object, making it easy to deferential between them. Critical theories, on the other hand, have an identity between the theory and the object described, given the fact that such theories are ‘reflective’ and ‘self-referential’. Thirdly, scientific theories depend upon…

Habermas, Jürgen, et al. “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964).” New German Critique, no. 3, 1974, pp. 49–55. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/487737. The “Encyclopedia Article” by Habermas provides the foundations/ transformation for the public sphere, as a concept, its history, the liberal model, and in the social welfare state mass democracy. The overall thesis for the article by Habermas is to provide a basic, foundational understanding of the public sphere. Habermas…