Ivan Turgenev

Briefly describe two psychological research studies conducted in the past that would not be considered ethical today, and discuss why this would be the case. Psychologists have conducted many psychological research studies throughout history without many limitations. Some studies were deemed immoral or inhumane as researchers went too far with their methods of experimentation. However it could be seen as a positive, as these studies initiated the establishment of our current ethical principles.…

Behavioral modification can be defined as the utilization of positive reinforcement for the purpose of modifying or controlling the actions of subjects (Schultz, 2011) - especially breaking undesirable habits. Behavioral modifications is based in the school of behaviorism, specially the associationistic reinforcement tradition of learning theory. As the impact of operant conditioning systems of Skinner expanded, vast research developed in the area that has been termed behavioral modification…

identified forms of learning, associative and cognitive, both are controlled by the brain. Specifically, classical and operant conditioning are two methods of associative learning models that psychologist Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner heuristically contributed to the understanding of human behavior. Ivan Pavlov’s significant contribution was fortuitously discovered, since his initial intent was to study salivation and was analyzing a dog’s response to meat when he observed a learning…

Study #1 Article Title: It’s Not Just About Salivating Dogs! Author: Ivan Pavlov Date of Study: 1927 Hypothesis: Ivan Pavlov believed that if a dog was exposed to a specific stimulus while being fed, the dog’s brain would associate the stimulus with the food; due to this association, the stimulus alone would prompt the dogs to salivate. Variables: The independent variables, or the variables being manipulated and tested, are the various stimuli that Pavlov used to ingrain a response in the…

conditioning, and observational learning. These theories break the learning process down into a series of associations, reinforcements, punishments, and observations. Classical conditioning was discovered not by a psychologist, but by a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. While studying dogs digestive systems, Pavlov made an observation that would lay the foundation for classical conditioning. Every day the dogs were fed by his lab assistants who wore white coats. Pavlov noticed that within a…

Sign tracking is the tendency to approach a stimulus that is predictive of food. There have been several studies that have examined this phenomenon in rats as rearing toward a light stimulus predictive of food. The purpose of this study was to provide further research of this phenomenon in Long-Evans rats. Holland (1977) performed one of the earlier studies on Pavlovian conditioned responses. The purpose of his study was to examine how the characteristics of a conditioned stimulus (CS)…

Ivan Pavlov was born on 14th September, 1849 and has died on 27th February, 1936 (2014) Pavlov’s Biography article. Pavlov was not a psychologist himself and despite of the fact that he has disliked the field of psychology, Pavlov has made a major contribution…

The book that I chose to review was How to Raise the Perfect Dog: Through Puppyhood and Beyond, by Cesar Millan and Melissa Jo Peter. It is of import to note that Cesar is, apparently, a renowned dog behaviorist, and he starred on National Geographic’s The Dog Whisperer. Already, there is some credibility attributed to the major author of the book. Going in, I was expecting to come out an expert dog parent. However, this was a different type of training book. This book was extremely personal,…

examine the differences and similarities between classical and operant conditioning and examine situation where neither operant nor classical conditioning are present. Classical conditioning is most normally combined with Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. It was through his investigation on digestion in dogs that…

What were Pavlov’s initial observations that prompted his experiments on respondent conditioning? (pg. 332) Pavlov initially implanted tubes into the dogs’ gland to measure the amount of secretion. When his assistant would present food to the dogs, they would salivate. After some time, they noticed that the dogs would salivate whenever the assistant entered the room, irrespective of whether he had food or not. b. Then describe the exact analogy between those observed events and the events…