Isotopes of carbon

Calibration 1: Text Cyclohexane is a six carbon cyclic alkane that is unusually stable compared to other cyclic alkanes. This stability can be seen by examining cyclohexane in its chair conformation. Since cyclohexane consists of all sp3 hybridized carbons, it ideally exists with 109.5-degree bond angles. If cyclohexane were planar, it would be forced to have 120-degree angels, and would therefore have angle strain. However, cyclohexane chair conformations are almost completely free of angle…

Lithium is an element with the atomic number 3 on the periodic table. Its atomic symbol is Li. Lithium belongs in the most reactive group on the periodic table which is called alkali metal. Lithium under standard conditions is the lightest metal it is also one of the least dense solids. Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.94 and density of 0.534. Lithium is a soft silver white looking metal. Lithium melts at 357 degrees and boils at a temper of 2426 degrees. Thanks to lithium's ability to reach…

Rosalind Elsie Franklin was a chemist and she was born in London England on July 25th, 1920. At just the age of 15 Rosalind Elsie Franklin decided she wanted to be a scientist. Receiving her education at several schools which also includes North London Collegiate School which she excelled in science. She was best known for the role she played in the the discovery of the structure of DNA, also her pioneering the use of X-ray diffraction. Franklin enrolled at Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1938…

Tin is a Chemical element its symbol is Sn. Its location on the periodic table of elements is period 5 group 14. Its atomic number is 50 and the atomic weight is 118.71. It has 50 protons, 50 electrons, and 69 neutrons. Tin is a solid, ductile, malleable, silvery-white metal. Tin melts at a low temperature of about 232 °C (450 °F). Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids. Around 5000 years ago, humans first began mining and incorporating tin with copper to create bronze…

Introduction The reaction of Hydro Chloric Acid with Aluminum is exothermic and very dynamic. The Hydrogen produced at such temperatures can easily explode by combining with the oxygen of the atmosphere. This reaction is known as a single displacement reaction because aluminum switches with the hydrogen. When aluminum is placed in a beaker of hydrochloric acid, the reaction produces hydrogen gas and aqueous aluminum chloride. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is 2Al + 6HCl =…

The garnet ferrites have the general formula RFe5O12, where R is one of the rare earth metal ions (Y, Gd, Dy, Sm, Eu, Ho, Er, Tm, Tb and Lu). The first trail for synthesis of garnet Yttrium ferrite (Y3Fe5O12) was done by Bertaut and Forret in 1956 [39], this trial was followed by another one in 1957 when Geller and Gilleo prepared and investigated Gd3Fe5O12 [40]. The garnet ferrites have complex crystal structure with cubic shape. The cubic unit cell of garnet ferrites R3Fe5O12 contains 8…

enantiomers and diastereomers. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror images, while diastereomers are not mirror images. Stereochemistry focus mainly on chiral centers, which is a carbon with four different substituents attached to it. Though there are different types of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) such a proton and carbon, this experiment focus on phosphorous NMR which gives a wider spectral…

Pentane and Diethylamine have many similarities, but they also have their differences. Pentane comes from the Greek word pente meaning “five” as the atom is comprised of five carbon atoms as shown in the formula C5H12. Some characteristics of the molecule is that it gives off a gasoline-like odor, generally does not have a color, and is a liquid. Pentane is commonly used in fuels, building construction materials, explosive materials, food packaging, paint, liquid chromatography, and toys just to…

along with a secondary amine group in between two aromatic benzene rings. This chemical composition give the molecule certain characteristics of both the non-polar and polar compounds. Thiourea, a thioketone, SC(NH2)2, has a sulfur double-bonded to a carbon that is connected to two primary amine groups. This configuration gives thiourea a certain polarity…

Fossil fuels started millions of years ago before the dinosaurs first inhabited the Earth and formed from prehistoric plants and animals hundreds of million years ago. All the energy in oil, gas, and coal originally came from the sun, captured through photosynthesis (Trefil and Hazen 2013, p.53). Over time, rock, sand, and sediment concealed the organic matter and after some years it established huge quantities of fuels. These under the surface resources are still the main fuel source for…