Irrigation

Desertification in Lake Chad Desertification is occurring globally especially in the sub-Saharan desert. One of the biggest examples if what is happening is the disappearance of Lake Chad. Lake Chad is located on the border of 4 Sub-Saharan countries: Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon. It was one of the biggest bodies of water in all of Africa. Its disappearance will greatly impact the countries surrounding it as they depended very much on what the lake provided from water to fish. So What is…

especially in the case of sunflower. It is also important to highlight that natural gas is a main energy source to supply electricity in Iran. In the Ardabil region the most of farmers use the traditional methods (e.g. flood irrigation) that require more water than other irrigation…

Plains lies the Ogallala Aquifer, one of the largest in the world. Since it is part of the High Plains Aquifer system it underlies 80% of the High Plains. The aquifer yields 30% of the water used for irrigation in America, and 82% of the drinking water to the High Plains. After WWII, central pivot irrigation became available and the High Plains aquifer system became one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world. Rodger Funk, one of the first farmers to create wells from the…

Introduction Green revolution is the dispersal of modern agricultural technologies which contributed significantly to the increase of crops production in developing countries in the mid of the 20th century from the 1960s to 1980s, to meet the challenge of the possibilities of starvation due to the increase in the human population and the and the unavailability of food (Wu & Butz, 2004). From then to now cereal production has increased by 200% with a mere 30% increase in land under cultivation…

Solano County is considered one of the first counties in California (CA), formed in 1850 (Salano County CA, n.d.). (See Figure 1). It is the easternmost county of the North Bay, located approximately 72 kilometers northeast of San Francisco, covering a total of 235,430 hectare (ha), which includes approximately 174, 927 ha of rural land area and approximately 21,807 ha of water area (Salano County CA, n.d.). In 1999, the United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued a Biological Opinion…

societies in their time. The Mayans showed exceptional architecture skills and advanced communication with a writing system, the Aztecs built well organized cities and marketplaces, and the Incans built a large road system, robust houses, and an irrigation system. First and foremost, it is no doubt that the Mayans were way ahead of their time with their architecture skills. They were hands down one of the most skilled architects ever, they built great cities of stone that remained over hundreds…

A high quality nursing care requires a well integrated knowledge, critical thinking, problem solving skills, and moreover the ability to recognize and apply these principles and concepts in the required clinical situations. Therefore the ability of students to formulate the appropriate mental models in different clinical scenarios can be used as an effective assessment tool for the students. There are two types of mental models in learning: General mental model and situational model learning…

The excessive use of water for irrigation reduces the water stored in rivers or underground. For example, the diversion of the Central Asian rivers for irrigation of cotton fields has led to the decrease of over 80% of the volume of the Aral Sea since 1960 (Stone 1999). On the other hand, the overuse of underground water in coastal areas leads to…

Environmental Flow Policies Environmental flows are the seasonally and annually varying water flows and levels that support ecosystems and human livelihoods while providing for other uses such as hydropower, irrigation, and water supply. Many governments and river-management agencies around the world have developed policies to protect environmental flows, and more are doing so all the time. Yet implementation of these policies remains weak. Policy change alone does not result in implementation…

patterns. The use of water in agricultural purposes also raises issues of water sustainability as fresh water sources are depleting. Total global freshwater withdrawals are estimated at 3,800 cubic kilometres, with 2,700 cubic kilometres (70%) for irrigation. It is predicted the amount of water consumed by evapotranspiration in agriculture will increase by 70%–90% by 2050 with the total amount of water evaporated in crop production amounting to 12,000–13,500 cubic kilometres, almost double the…