Ion channel

1. The hypothalamus is the processing centre that controls the body temperature in the brain, through temperature receptors the skin is able to realize changes to external temperatures which send the information to the brain (hypothalamus). There are also temperature receptors that identify the temperature changes in the blood. The Processing centre triggers for the effectors (these are the sweat glands and muscles) to adapt in order the make sure our body temperature stays at 37°C. If we…

Acetyl CoA undergoes several redox, hydration and decarboxylation reactions to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen ions. The citric acid cycle links glycolysis which produces pyruvate from glucose and oxidative phosphorylation which generates ATP which is used as energy for metabolic processes. The citric acid cycle is catabolic and anabolic. Fuel molecules are…

and information from traditional sources of media, such as television or newspapers, then you have more than likely seen a story similar to “Electronic Cigarette Disaster: Child Wounded” or “Electronic Cigarettes Are Targeting Our Children.” News channels, such as Fox News, capitalize on the rare instances of device malfunctions, which result in minor explosions, and cherry-pick the scientific studies that agree with their opinion on electronic cigarettes. However, there is still a relatively…

Your brain is permeated by a vast network of tiny little blood vessels, or capillaries as they are called. These are extremely small and thin so that blood cells can pass through them in a single file line. There are so many capillaries in one brain that you could lay them out and fill an average sized living room full of them. These capillaries that are located in the brain are surrounded by a single layer of cells. The layer of cells forms a type of barrier separating the capillaries and the…

and the vena cava (pdf). If the impulse from the depolarization does not reach the ventricle(s) then the heart will beat at a much slower rate than what it usually beats at. The rate can be modified by extrinsic factors such as chemicals, hormones, ions, and metabolites (book). The chemicals and agents used in this lab to modify the frog's heart rate and contraction are extrinsic factors. They are cold water, warm water, pilocarpine, histamine, epinephrine, calcium chloride, sodium chloride,…

that gives a person a euphoric feeling. It does so by activating opiate receptors in the brain. This causes secondary messengers to open ion channels. This can decrease the excitability of neurons. This is what gives the euphoric feeling. Lithium is a mood stabilizing drug. The mechanism is unclear. However, there are several theories. It can effect ion transport by slowing the transport of Na+ across the membrane. This is due to lithium related properties to sodium and lithium being…

synaptic vesicles, which contain neurotransmitter suspended in fluid, that cross the fluid-filled gap that is known as the synapse to reach the receptor sites on the opposite neuron. With it fitting into the receptor sites, neurotransmitters open the ion channels to let sodium rush in and activate the next cell to allow impulse so move from one neuron to the next (Ciccarelli & White, 2014). When neurotransmitters are fully functional they are fast and able to send messages throughout the body…

which their hydrophilic (attracted to water) head areas are arranged to face the cytosol (liquid part of the cell) and hydrophobic (repel water) tail areas face outside the cytosol. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable allowing certain molecules and ions to pass through it. Carbohydrate molecules are also dispersed…

crystallised mineral salts. There are four types of varieties of cells present; osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. A bone is not entirely solid, it has small spaces between the cells and extracellular matrix. Some spaces act as channels for blood vessels that supply bone cells with nutrients. Other spaces act as storage areas for red bone marrow. The regions of a bone may be categorised as spongy and compact depending on the size and distribution of the spaces. In…

Introduction Lorazepam is a kind of benzodiazepine in terms of pharmacological class, It is also an anxiolytic drug in terms of the therapeutic class.It is mainly used to treat anxiety and insomnia for adults.Since anxiety and isomnia is getting more common nowadays, It is nesseary to be introduced to more people.In this article, you will know more about the clinical trial ,the pharmacology ,and the pharmacokinetics of Lorazepam. Disscussion of a clinical trial for Lorazepam Lorazepam has a…