Ion channel

(Cartailler, 1). The now modified glucose is further metabolized in the beta cells to create ATP, increasing the ATP:ADP ratio. This increased ratio causes the ATP-gated potassium channels to close, preventing potassium ions from moving across the cell membrane, resulting in an increased concentration of potassium ions and a positive charge inside the cell. The cell will then be…

This retrospective histological and immunohistochemical study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of pancreatic toxicity induced by patulin exposure and the role of goji extract to eliminate its toxicity. It has been reported that the relationship of the endocrine–exocrine parts of the pancreas is a complex one because of the close anatomical and functional links. The impairment of the endocrine part of the pancreas has a marked effect upon its exocrine component. It was stated that islet…

Report 5 Title Detecting possibility of expressing disease condition and presence of cystic fibrosis (CF) associated mutation (△F508 and G551D) in DNA sample using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR). Abstract Elevated levels of blood immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) may be obtained in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), when it is detected in primary screen, DNA analysis is performed to look for the 12 most common mutations associated with CF. This study aimed to investigate…

This article from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) explains what conductivity is, and how to measure conductivity. This is perfect for the experiment because it combines knowledge of how to measure the conductivity of substances along with what is, which is what is being tested. According to the EPA, “Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current.” This makes sense as to why in the experiment, distilled must be poured on the powders. The…

enclosed within a double membrane (contains an Inner and Outer Nuclear Membrane) called the Nuclear Envelope, which separates the Chromosomes from the Cytoplasm and allows material to move in and out of the cell. The Nuclear Envelope contains small channels called Pores to allow small molecules to pass through the membrane. An example of a small molecule that passes through these…

Environmental Bridges and Nicotine Marissa L. Ciluffo University of North Alabama Abstract Nicotine is an addictive parasympathomimetic alkaloid that is found in products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and snuff. When someone consumes nicotine, either through smoking, inhaling, or chewing, specific neurotransmitter actions take place within the body and brain. Acetylcholine is replaced by nicotinic receptors, in the neurons, causing the membrane to become…

While it definitely slowed, the contractions were sporadic at best. The heart lost its regularity and showed random contraction intervals, some ranging shorter than normal while others had greater time gaps between contractions. Procedure 5: Effects of a Ligature on the Heart After the knot had been tied around the AV groove, no noticeable alterations were noticed to heart contraction. Upon tightening of the thread however, the heart appeared in clear distress. Beat irregularities ensued…

Anatomy of cerebral cortex: Brain is most complex organ in human body. The ability of brain for its functioning normally is manifestation of various activities it takes participation in various activities of day to day life, being it hidden from the view or perceptible, like walking, smelling, thinking, laughing, speaking, and hearing. These manifestations are results of very coordinated and complex electrical and chemical activity within and between the cells those makes up our brain. Abnormal…

This disorder is when someone cannot and never has had the ability to perceive or feel any sort of pain done to their body. People with Congenital Insensitivity to Pain although unable to feel pain, can feel the difference between hot, cold, and dull and sharp, but cannot feel if something is burning them. People with this disorder also have very overt autonomic symptoms, so they tend to show a lot of their actions that are supposed to be involuntary. Congenital Insensitivity is a genetically…

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect an individual’s response to drugs. This is a new field that combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop fruitful, safe medicines and doses that will be customized to a human genetic makeup. Now drugs that are available are “one size fits all,” but they do not effective for every person. It is very tough to augur that a person get benefit from drug or not, and…