Ion channel

bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandin E2, nerve growth factor, serotonin (5HT), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukins. Once sensitivity occurs, changes in neuronal structure (plasticity) will alter the threshold and response of the receptor. Ion channel expression and synaptic modulators will increase sensitivity to nociceptive stimulus. These changes, if continued, will lead to neurochemical and structural changes in the CNS- central sensitization (Fishman et al., p.…

Patch Clamp technique is one of the widely used electrophysiology studies in neuroscience research. It incorporates the use of a microelectrode with a micropipette that allows drawing a small piece of the cell membrane to study the activity of ion channels. This is one of the intracellular methods of examining electrophysiology, although there are several other extracellular methods as well.…

the synaptic vesicles filled with Acetylcholine to dock to the terminal of the neuromuscular junction when an impulse is received. The vesicles then fuse and release the Acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine binds to ligand-gated ion channels, opening them and initiating muscle contraction. By cleaving the SNARE proteins, the entire process is disrupted and paralysis of the myosin filaments…

Chloroplast are found in plants, they are responsible for the metabolism of energy to produce food for plants by breaking down Carbon dioxide, water and sunlight through a process called Photosynthesis. Once Carbon Dioxide enters a plant through stomata pores in a plant, water is absorbed through the roots of a plant and sunlight captured by chlorophyll pigments inside the chloroplast which is actually inside the thylakoids. It 's the russian doll complex., it is within the chloroplast that…

There are many methods on stress management. In this essay it will outline and evaluate two physiological and two psychological methods of stress management. Physiological methods work by relieving the symptoms of stress such as fast heart rate. Two physiological methods include drug therapy and biofeedback. Drug therapy helps manage stress by altering the body's response to a stressor and making it easier to deal with. The two most common drugs used in drug therapy are Benzodiazepines and…

The force in the arteries when blood pumped by the heart hits the walls of arteries is known as blood pressure . When the heart contracts,the highest pressure in the arteries is known as the systolic pressure . Whereas , the lowest pressure in the arteries in between two heart beats is referred to as diastolic pressure . A normal individual would have a blood pressure of below 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure or otherwise known as hypertension is a condition when the force in the arteries are…

2, and integral membrane protein with homology to the voltage- activated sodium and calcium a1 channels” (Thompson & Thompson, 2007). The PKD2 gene makes the protein polycystin-2, which is regulated by polycystin-1. When polycystin-1 interacts with polycystin-2 it instructs the cell to undergo chemical reactions inside the cell. Polycystin-2 channels the transportation of charged atoms, and calcium ions in…

through serotonin transporters (SERT), via vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), for up to seven days. Sigma-1 receptors are located in-side the presynaptic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which regulates calcium ion flow lead-ing to change of gradients in sodium and po-tassium channels with its binding. This caus-es a signal transduction by depolarizing and hyperpolarization triggering an action poten-tial to move through the synapse, open-ing/closing, excitatory/inhibitory, leading to binding…

The cell is the basic unit of life and is the smallest structure that can live an independent life. In 1665, Robert Hook was the first person to identify cells and name them. He also noticed that plants were made up of cells and this finding introduced the beginning of cell theory. Cell theory summaries Hook’s findings that cells make up all living organism, can only be produced from pre-existing cells and are the smallest living organism. The size of the cells is due a dependence on diffusion…

1.0 Introduction – What is diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a progressive disorder of chronic hyperglycaemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance and in some cases both which affects people of all ages. The chronic hyperglycaemia causes a range of macro- and microvascular complications. Macrovascular damage leads to increased prevalence of heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease whereas microvascular complications can cause diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy and…