Ion channel

Influenza is one of the major respiratory virus that causes nearly annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza epidemics generally occur in the winter months in the Northern hemisphere and May-September in the Southern hemisphere (Cox et al, 2004). This virus belongs to the genus Orthomyxovirus in the family of Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses are enveloped RNA virus with eight RNA segments that encodes for upto 11 viral genes ( Lamb &Krug ,2001, Fields virology, 4th edt. ).The…

Chlorotoxin comes from a scorpion called Leiurus quinquestriatus. This scorpion can be found in Israel. Chlorotoxin is comprised of 36 amino acids, which make up a small peptide. This polypeptide contains four disulfide bonds and eight cystines. But chlorotoxin has a secondary form that is made up of 3 beta sheets and an alpha helix. Many have been studying the effects that chlorotoxin has on cancer cells. Some of the ingredients that make up the scorpion venom are histamine, serotonin,…

This produces NADH and FADH2 which become oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation machinery leading an increase in ATP. This ATP increase goes on to inhibit an ATP sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) [17]. This then leads to the membrane becoming depolarised which triggers an influx of Ca2+ ions. These Ca2+ ions cause the migration of a vesicle containing insulin to move to the plasma membrane which then releases…

The peripheral mechanism occurs after nerves are severed at the site of the amputation, causing neuronal and tissue injury. The proximal portion of the nerve then forms neuromas, abnormal sprouting of nerves, which have increased numbers of sodium channels, leading to hyper-excitability and random neural discharges. (Subedi & Grossberg, 2011). Inflammatory mediators and enzymes also sensitize the nociceptors and stimulate A delta and C fibers, nerves that carry the pain signals. A constant…

How good is the omega-3 Lose weight, get fewer wrinkles and avoid damage! Other positive effects of omega-3 and take advantage of our tips on how you consume omega-3 diet. Sharpen brain All body cells are encapsulated behind a thin cell wall. Omega-3 fatty acids make the cell wall more smoothly, so that the cell can more easily receive and transmit signals from other brain cells. Inside the cell slides impulses easier. Lowers blood pressure Blood vessel walls become more elastic. When the…

which consist of hemagglutinin (HA), which facilitates receptor binding and fusion, and neuraminidase (NA) which cleaves sialic acids on the outside of the cell allowing release of virions3. Also on the envelope is the M2 protein which acts as an ion channel, important in viral assembly and budding. Inside, the virus is made up of the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex which is comprised of…

surface proteins undergo frequent mutations by antigenic shift and drift which may result in generation of novel viral strain, which, in turn result in seasonal epidemics of influenza with different severity. Earlier FDA has approved the drugs, M2 ion channel inhibitors (Amantidine and Rimantidine), but they are no longer recommended owing to the high resistance against Influenza A virus (2). Existing influenza drug treatment is limited to neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir), but…

stimulating the systemic vascular resistance and the raise of the blood volume, therefore the blood pressure too.Angiotensin II also stimulates the production of aldestorne by the adrenal cortex.Aldosterone provoke kidneys to reabsorp more sodium ions and water. Due to the sympathetic stimulation,the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine,which raise the heart rate and respectively,the cardiac…

and developing countries as well. d. Technological Factors: 1). E-Jet The unique electric jet stream system consists of electronic motor and a water displacement running impeller, when the rotating impeller sucks water, it forced out in the jet channel under a high-pressure where the Seabob can propels forward in a superior style. It offers eco-friendly system and low running…

Respiration and Photosynthesis Respiration and photosynthesis are reactions that take place in the environment which complement each other, in the other case can be seen as a same reaction but happening in reverse of each other (Tang, 2005). In photosynthesis the ingredients/ requirement for it to place is water and carbon dioxide as they release oxygen and glucose as the products. Respiration to take place requires glucose and oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water. Since the product of…