Ion channel

This movement is passive and doesn't require energy Water diffuses through the membrane via osmosis and also through facilitated diffusion with the help of channel proteins called ‘aquaporins’. Both forms of movement (osmosis and facilitated diffusion) are passive and don’t require energy. Alcohol passes through the cell membrane through diffusion and dissolves the lipids within the membrane Bacteria enters…

updrafts and lifted to great heights in the cloud where the colder atmosphere freezes them. Downdrafts of the clouds push the frozen ice and hail from the top of the cloud to the bottom. The smallest particles lose negative ions and become positive, while larger particles gain negative ions and become negative themselves. The results are a cloud with a negatively charged bottom and a positively charged top. The atmosphere acts as an insulator, keeping the extremely powerful electrical currents…

The epidemiology of depression shows that 20% of adults are either directly or indirectly impacted by depression during their lifetime, with twice the number women being diagnosed with the disorder when compared to men. Depression has also been shown to have a hereditary component, with a significant increase in diagnosis for individuals who have a family history of clinical depression. It is also reported that depression is highly correlated with suicide rates and physical disabilities such as…

The brain, like most body organs, is vulnerable to damage from the consumption of alcohol (Oscar–Berman & Marinkovic, 2004). Alcohol, unlike most other drugs with abuse potential has no identified target receptor in the brain (Stanford, 2009). Alcohol affects numerous neurotransmitter systems through its action on the membranes of neurons (Stanford, 2009). The probability of brain damage and related neurobehavioral deficits from alcohol consumption differs among individuals (Oscar–Berman &…

players that help mediate necrosis include ROS, Calcium ions, poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP), and lysosomal proteases (888). PARP is an enzyme that is responsible for repairing DNA damage, such as strand breaks. Cells that have undergone a traumatic cellular insult typically have damaged DNA. PARP will deplete cellular ATP in an attempt to repair the massive damage to DNA. Several proteases are activated by increased cellular calcium ion concentration that degraded important cellular proteins…

Facilitated Diffusion: Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport aided by proteins embedded within the membrane. Transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane. Channel proteins, in facilitated diffusion, provide corridors that allow specific molecules or ions to cross the membrane. Carrier proteins undergo a subtle change in shape that translocates the solute binding site across the membrane allowing the specific molecules to cross the membrane.…

Response to Dr Foreman’s questions a. Discuss the nociceptive mechanisms, including the postsynaptic receptors of the spinal neurons, transmitters, pathways and nuclei that are activated when the injury occurs. Also include in your answer the explanation for the sharp pain and the long lasting pain that you experience with this injury. Nociceptors are specialized peripheral sensory neurons that are activated by noxious stimuli. These nociceptors are the free nerve endings of primary sensory…

1. Introduction Silicified wood is normally formed close to the surface due to the infiltration of buried wood with mineral-rich water and the associated deposition of minerals (Kim et al., 2009). Two typical geological environments have been reported, 1) trees transported by streams and rivers then buried in the fluvial sediments (e.g., Weibel, 1996; Fielding and Alexander, 2001; Parrish and Falcon-Lang, 2007; Hartmann et al., 2010), and 2) ash from volcanic eruptions buries trees while felled…

It requires cellular energy. Eg ions, sodium, glucose and sugar. Types of active transport Bulk transport: Exocytosis: a vesicle containing the molecule fuses with the inside of the plasma membrane and the molecule is expelled. Endocytosis: The membrane recognises and binds with a molecule…

positive charged ions will flow into the depolarized region and evacuate through the resting membrane (Pispati,…