International Phonetic Alphabet

Introduction Before a child enters school, the child has some knowledge of language and how words work. Children are innately curious and teachers in early childhood programs need to foster children’s early literary through research based, developmentally appropriate literacy activities that fosters the essential skills that students need in order to build the foundation for learning to read. A huge component of this type of instruction is phonological awareness, which is an umbrella terms that…

There are three main elements of phonemic awareness: syllables, rhymes , and beginning sounds. Teaching Effective Phonemic Awareness Phonemic Awareness starts with identifying phonemes and sounds. Children are typically introduced to their alphabets in the early preschool years. Oral activities starts in Kindergarten with rhyming,…

Voicing When we inhale, air passes into our lungs. Between our pharynx and trachea, each of us have a pair of vocal folds that separate when we do this. This process is called abduction. We use a small intrinsic muscle in our larynx that pulls the vocal folds apart allowing and allows air to move into our lungs. This causes the glottis to open from the back to the front, and the vocal folds wave from the back to the front. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is responsible for this…

The first element of the reading process is phonological awareness, which is an auditory skill that requires children to analyses the sound of language into component sounds, before they begin the process of reading at the printed level (Matheson, 2005, p.22; Scull & Raban, 2016, p.153). For example, producing and identifying rhymes (such as how ‘mat’ rhymes with ‘sat’), isolating and segmenting letters and syllables (such as ‘n’ from ‘nose’), blending syllables, and exchanging sounds to make…

Adaptive Maneuvers Kamen, R. S., & Watson, B. C. (1991). Effects of long-term tracheostomy on spectral characteristics of vowel production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 34(5), 1057-1065. Kamen and Watson (1991) completed a study on the effects long-term tracheostomy has on spectral characteristic of vowel production for children aged 39 to 60 months who underwent a tracheotomy in which they were cannulated between 15 to 42 months. Kamen and Watson (1991) examined 8…

The laryngeal muscles of the phonatory system are comprised of a group of both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. Out of these two muscle groups, the placement of the extrinsic muscles are what confuse me the most. The extrinsic laryngeal muscles are further divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. The suprahyoid muscles attach superiorly to the hyoid bone and elevate the larynx and hyoid bone, while the infrahyoid muscles attach inferiorly to the hyoid bone and depress the larynx and the…

In the yellow box, you can see that Mr. Hanson can produce nasalizations very well. In this image, he is making the /m/ sounds of “my motorcycle.” The nasal formants in the yellow boxes show the correct way to form a nasalization with low are dark first formant and a light space with little to no formant two. In these screenshots, you can see that Mr. Hanson’s speech is pretty much constantly a nasalization. In the boxes above, the blue box is his normal speech, and the green box is the when…

At the inception of my partnership with Mikel, I purposed in my heart to view him from two angles. First, I would treat him as though he was my actual student; and second, I would teach him if he was my child. In every other assignment up to this writing assessment, I felt like a teacher. I was the one prepared with the questions, activities, and lesson plan, ready to guide Mikel through instructional learning. All he had to do was follow my lead. As I prepared to give Mikel directions for our…

our modern-day society. Emojis are incorporated to represent individual letters of the alphabet. For example, is used to represent the letter I, is used to represent the letter b and is used to represent the letter u. Seeing that there are limited amounts of emojis that phonetically represent each individual letter of the alphabet, emojis are combined to represent each of the remaining letters of the alphabet in order to tackle the…

The student A-B-C data collected reinforced that the targeted behavior occurs most often when D.B is fatigued or emotionally upset. The antecedent (or what happens before the behavior) has been verified, as the announcement of afternoon reading instruction. D.B is often able to makes progress alone, and is less distractible when less then five students are present. The behavior is often task avoidance and defensiveness. The consequences are always negative to the student; she expresses she…