Internal energy

First ionisation energy- The first ionisation energy is the energy to remove electrons that are unstable from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to gain 1 mole of gaseous ions with a positively charge (1+) As you go down a group, the energy decreases from the top to the bottom due to the shielding effect. When there are a lot of electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, energy is less needed to expel an electron from an atom. Fluorine has the most ionization energy and Caesium with the…

Glass. In modern times this substance is used as a basic necessity for windows, car windshields, bottles, jars, glasses, dishes, etc. Glass was discovered by Egyptians in the sixteenth century B.C. when experimenting with their pottery. During the fifthteenth century, the Egyptians started venturing into glass vessel making. Later, the Phoenicians and Mesopotamians followed suit by developing a fairly adequate method of glass blowing. To describe glass blowing in brief, glass must first be…

What is an Onsen? An onsen is a term used for Japanese people referring to the “hot spring baths”. A natural Onsen use hot water from geothermal heated springs, though there are many indoor onsen (bath houses) that are filled with heated tap water. The onsens were used as public baths for Japanese people but nowadays there are many private ones and it’s also a tourist attraction for foreigners. My experience I went to one onsen in Nagoya called “Ozone No Yu”. Ozone-Cho, Higashi-ku Nagoya…

Kapha type body According to Ayurveda, our body is made up of five elements namely, air, water, earth, fire and space. Kapha is a combination of the elements Water and Earth whose meaning is ‘sticky’. Our body structures are formed by the energy derived from kapha energy. It supplies the vital nutrients and liquid that are needed to life to emerge and sustain on the planet. Kapha provides the body with lubrication in physical form and structure that results in the smooth and proper functioning…

Newton’s 3 laws of Motion 1. If a body is as rest it remains at rest or, if it is in motion, it moves with uniform velocity, until it is acted on by a resultant force. 2. Acceleration is dependent on the forces acting upon an object and the mass of the object. Therefore, if the force is increased, the acceleration is increased. And the more mass the object has, the more acceleration decreases. So the resultant force (F) is equal to mass (m) times acceleration (a) (F = ma). 3. For every action,…

4. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) In principle, a temperature of 130C could be reached at any location of the planet at a sufficient depth. For instance, temperatures of this level can be found at depths between 5 and 10 km in half of the surface of USA. Based on this fact, enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) aim at utilizing the heat available at high depths by injecting a heat transfer fluid through a well. Although today few geothermal wells are deeper than 3 km given the high drilling…

1. Temperature : A temperature is an objective measurement of hot or cold. It is measured by thermometer (Paul S. Welch,1938). Its most common unit is celcius. It is an important physical property of water because temperature controls the rate of most of the chemical reaction. As temperature affects the growth, reproduction and immunity of living organisms, therefore, drastic temperature changes can be fatal to living organisms. 2. pH : pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or…

Theoretical analysis for HPHX's performance by using dimension analysis theory. Assumptions Steady operation conditions exist. The surface temperature of the condenser section is equal to the temperature of Refrigerant R-22. Properties The exit temperature of air, and thus the mean temperature, is not known. We evaluate the air properties at the assumed mean temperature of 42OC (will be checked later) and 1 atm as following: K= 0.02722 (W/m.K)…

3.1.3. TGA analysis Thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA) were recorded under N2 atmosphere over the temperature range of 25- 800 oC at a heating rate of 15 oC/min, to evaluate both the composition and the thermal stability of f-silica and AgNPs/f-silica. As shown in Fig. 1D the mass loss noticed between 25 oC and 180 oC represents the physically adsorbed water. Adsorbed water accounted 7.4%, 6.43% and 2.2% for f-silica, AgNPs/f-silica sample using [Ag+] = 0.005 M, and AgNPs/f-silica sample using…

Introduction Variables exist in experiments and can be linked together in the form of an equation. Some equations have constants that link the variables together in a sort of relationship. Gravity is considered a constant in many formulae including equations of kinematics and projectiles. In this experiment, the simple pendulum apparatus can be used investigate the relationship between the time period and the length of the pendulum, with a constant value including the value of gravity. This is…