Internal carotid artery

Cause of pain In the case study, the 40-year-old male patient suffered from retrosternal pain that occurred once he laid down after consuming food. The patients’ retrosternal pain is a result of a spontaneous muscular spasm also known as heartburn. According to the Mayo Clinic, “Heartburn is a burning pain in your chest, just behind your breastbone. The pain is often worse when lying down or bending over.” The heartburn that the patient is experiencing is associated with the regurgitation of…

Discovered in 1913 by a man named Nikolai Anichkov, atherosclerosis is a disease where things like calcium and fat build up in the arteries and block blood flow. Arteries harden as a result of it, and it’ll cause problems transferring blood around the body. The plaque will form a barrier, and can cause serious problems in the body, like other diseases and disorders. The results are possibly deadly. There is a layer on the inside of every vein that keeps it smooth called endothelium. It allows…

spring like tubular structures used in angiolplasty to treat the narrow or weak coronary arteries that carry blood. The implantation of stent prevents the arteries from blowing out for a longer duration after surgery. One of the causes for blockage of arteries is the plaque deposition in the inner parts that eventually block the blood flow and may also lead to heart attacks. Stents are embedded in the arteries by the process called as PCI. In PCI stents circum surfaces a balloon…

Case Study: Million Hearts Campaign Introduction In September of 2011, the Million Hearts Campaign was launched, with a goal to prevent one million heart attacks and strokes by the year 2017. The co-leaders in this effort to decreases heart attacks and strokes are the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Death, one out of every three occur by heart attack and strokes in the United States, costs billions of dollars in health care…

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The drug release study of Propranolol from the synthesized prodrugs9a and 9c proved that they hydrolyze significantly at pH 6.8 & 7.4. This proves the stability of prodrug at gastric pH and easily gets hydrolyzed at both blood and intestinal pH, and would be available for the action by significantly eliminating the problem of fast metabolism and local irritation when compared to the parent drug. The % CDR of 9c at pH 7.4 was found to be maximum i.e. 92% within 3 hrs and…

2. Physiology Q=(P1 - P2)/ R Q= flow The amount of a liquid moving past a point in a given amount of time. P=Pressure (P1-P2) The amount of force placed on an artery at any given point in time. R= resistance Is the force that must be overcome for flow to occur. Describe the basic flow equation and resistance equation as they relate to vascular flow. b. Define Poiseuille’s Equation, and describe the effect on blood flow of a change in each variable. Poiseuille's equation states that the…

The pacemaker helps treat an issue called arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are problems with the beat of your heartrate. There are 4 different types of arrhythmias, premature which is when you get extra beats (the most common type), Supraventricular tachycardia is when your heart beats too fast, ventricular rhythm issues can halt the ventricle from pumping blood into your body (this could result in cardiac arrest), and Bradycardia is when your heart beats too slow meaning not enough blood gets to your…

In the natural kidney, most components of the blood are first filtered out using ultrafiltration, and then the essential nutrients like glucose, amino acids, etc. and electrolytes like Na, K, Cl, HCO, Ca, Mg, etc. and water are reabsorbed by passive, active, or facilitated transport. The waste products are reabsorbed and therefore are excreted in the urine. The artificial kidney device called hemodialyzers removes excess waste from the blood using the principle of dialysis. The cleansed blood…

We all know that the main functions of the blood are the transport of respiratory gases, digested food or nutrients, waste products, hormones, enzymes and ions from one body part to another, it protects a body against diseases and regulates body temperature. In other words, blood is the essence of life. A body cannot survive without a sufficient amount of blood. Unfortunately, there are people who don’t have the same chances as we do. Let us take the United States as example. Every two…

The All-or-none law is the principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is independent of the strength of the stimulus. If that stimulus exceeds the threshold potential, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response; otherwise, there is no response. It was first established by the American physiologist Henry Pickering Bowditch in 1871 for the contraction of heart muscle. According to him, describing the relation of response to stimulus, “An…