Insular cortex

striatal and the rest are cortical. Substantial amount of evidence shows us that most cortical projection neurons use glutamate and descending projections of striatum use GABA. This implies that non-GABA-projecting regions of the amygdala are part of the cortex. Furthermore, the CEA projects to visceral centers in the brainstem. Also, the extended cortical division of amygdala contains the cortical amygdalar nucleus (COA) - accessary olfactory bulb input as well as the rest of the COA, the…

Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter value in young adults exposed to corporal punishment is a study done by Akemi Tomoda, Hanako Suzuki, Karen Rabi, Yi-Shin She, Ann Polcari, and Martin H. Teicher. This study was published in March 2009 and had the objective to see how harsh corporal punishment during a persons childhood changes the brain structure and specifically the amount of gray matter volume. They clearly drew guidelines on the differences between harsh corporal punishment (HCP) and…

7 cranial nerve pairs out of 12 pairs in human nervous system function more or less in speech or hearing; these are the cranial nerves V (Trigeminal), VII (Facial), VIII (Vestibulocochlear), IX (Glossopharyngeal), X (Vagus), XI (Spinal Accessory), and XII (Hypoglossal). These have particular roles other than assisting speech or hearing. Furthermore, most clinical tests for cranial nerve functions neither are recommended to be performed by speech and hearing pathologists, nor are they related to…

The human brain, just like all the other parts of our body is unique. It gives us the power to speak, think and to solve problems. It works by using the electrical and chemical process to take in, organize, interpret, store and use information. The nervous system is divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and they are the decision makers of the body. Sensory information gathering and action transmission occurs…

Burning Question: What are all the parts of the brain and what are their functions ‘Brainy’ Facts The brain. You couldn’t live without it. It helps you move, breathe, eat sleep, et cetera. It is the most complex organ and controls all of your body’s functions. When I was in kindergarten, I had an accident and fractured my skull, had a minor brain bleed and a small concussion In first grade, I had surgery to fix up my brain and skull. All of these injuries took a major toll on my brain. The…

Three researcher identified 3,105 peer reviewed articles through database search. We narrowed and assessed 15 articles out of those 3,105 to address the research questions presented in this systematic review. The primary exclusion criteria articles published after 1990. Table 1 summarizes the study characteristics. Anderson, Damasio, Kilma, Bellugi & Brandt (1991) observed three patients with aphasia who were taught how to fingerspell. Out of all of the patients, two patients were able to…

Did you know that possessing a greater amount of dopamine receptors in the hippocampus results in better episodic memory? It’s a wonder why some people have great memory of past events, while others have none. As an adult it gets increasingly harder to remember events you experienced as a child. It has always been a phenomenon as to why you can’t remember the memories you had as a child. Why you forget what happens before the age of four. As an infant your brain is busy making new cells in the…

In medicine, an early diagnosis can mean the difference between life and death. Advancement’s in technology are making an early diagnosis for many diseases possible. One of these diseases is Alzheimer’s disease. According to the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, (AFA, 2015) “Worldwide it is estimated that 24 million people have dementia, the majority of these people are also thought to have Alzheimer’s disease.” The AFA (2015) also states that, “Alzheimer’s Disease affects 5.1 million…

I Blame the Hormones By: Taylor Aubin Organs and tissues that make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, suprarenal glands, pineal gland, parathyroid glands, heart, kidneys, adipose tissue, digestive tract, pancreas, and gonads. The effects of the endocrine system are vast and impact almost every organ and cell of the body. This system produces hormones that help maintain homeostasis through the regulation of metabolism, growth, tissue function,…

General Causes Cerebral palsy occurs from brain injuries or serious brain malformation which occur during early development. Every case of this disorder is unique. Cerebral palsy is different from traumatic brain injuries or TBI’s because they occur before the brain has fully developed. Cerebral palsy is not a hereditary condition. Weather Cerebral palsy is congenital or not depends on the timing of the brain injury. According to the Center for Disease Control, “The majority of CP (85%–90%) is…