Infrared spectroscopy

Introduction Quantum dots (Q-Dots) is very small semiconductor particles that means it can be either conductors or resist electricity depending on the temperature and purity of the semiconductor. Q-dots range in size from 2-10 nm, so because of their small size, quantum mechanics governs the physics of the particles. The synthesis Q-Dots were first studied in 1982 by Efros and Ekimov, and then many developments have reported the synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles.1 Q-Dots have unique…

Review of Stacking Interactions of Nucleobases: NMR Investigations by H. Sapper and W. Lohmann Introduction Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is often a very useful tool to identify organic molecules based on the atomic nuclei interactions with their environment. Recent advances have made use of the technology in protein, nucleic acid, and complex natural products structure identification. [1, 2, 3] Its origins lie in the works of Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell, who used the…

5.2 Discussion 5.2.1 Comparison of the results from AFM and optical tweezers experiments 5.2.1.1 Different unfolding behaviors in AFM and optical tweezers experiments In chapter 3, we have studied AFV3-109 using single-molecule AFM. The results from optical tweezers are contradictory to the results from AFM. First, the unfolding force obtained by optical tweezers is much smaller than the force obtained by AFM. More importantly, in our previous study using AFM, the unfolding of AFV3-109 occurs in…

Chapter Three - Conclusions 3.1 Conclusions This research aimed to verify the synthesis protocol for HPA-12 and analogues from aldehydes of Greatrex et al. (2014). Limited success in synthesising required quantities had a negative impact on the outcomes of this research, and no reasons were identified for the low yields that were obtained. Additional time, or resolution of issues resulting in low yields, would have allowed additional research and confirmation of the synthesis protocol. Long…

Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used…

In this experiment, a series of reactions was performed in order to synthesize 6-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-cyclohexenone, an a,b-unsaturated ketone. The two reactions performed in order to obtain this product were a Michael addition reaction and an Aldol condensation reaction. During this experiment, the reaction solution underwent several changes. Originally, the initial solution was light yellow and transparent. Once heated, the appearance of the reaction solution became bright yellow.…

Kanamycin sulphate and rifampicin were purchased from Hangzhou Dayangchem Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China. Acetonitrile and ethanol (High performance liquid chromatography, HPLC, grade) were purchased from Merck, Germany. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, phenylisocyanate, triethylamine, orthophosphoric acid (analytical reagent grade) and silicone oil (viscosity 10 cSt) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, USA. Size 3 hard gelatin capsules were kindly donated by Capsugel Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.…

Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images and spectra were obtained from various samples of silica and platinum on silica. Each sample contains unique structures which were prepared by etching the surface of silica in different conditions. A scanning electron microscope is a type of electron microscope that produces images of topography and composition by scanning a sample with a focused beam of electrons. Samples can be observed in high vacuum,…

In this review, only the spectrophotometric method is discussed. The spectrophotometry is a method that involve in infrared spectrum and a quantitative measurement of the reflection of a material and it represent as a function of wavelength. Thus the infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is, light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. Infra-red spectrum…

Introduction In this experiment, isopentyl acetate was prepared by the direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol, which is an equilibrium that results in a shift in favor of the product by using one of the starting materials in excess. An esterification reaction is when an acid is converted into an ester by combining with an alcohol and removing a water molecule. Esters are found in numerous natural products, including fruits, flowers, and spices. Carboxyllic esters contribute…