Infrared spectroscopy

ANALYTICAL METHODS Determination of λ max Gemifloxacin mesylate λ max is determined by preparing one standard concentration of 10μg/ml and scanning should be done. Preparation of 0.1N HCL 8 ml of hydrochloric acid is taken in 1000ml volumetric flask and dissolved with distilled water and then make up to 1000ml with distilled water. Standard graph of Gemifloxacin mesylate: The λmax of Gemifloxacin mesylate in 0.1N HCL was scanned in UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and found to have maximum…

Where\\ \textit{A} denotes attenuation of the incident light,\\ \textit{$\alpha $} denotes the wavelength of the incident light,\\ \textit{C} denotes the concentration of the absorber,\\ \textit{d} denotes the geometrical pathlength,\\ \textit{B} denotes the pathlength correction factor and\\ \textit{G} is the additive term for scattering losses \begin{minipage}{\columnwidth} \centering \includegraphics [width=0.75\textwidth] {figures/mbl.png} \captionof{figure}{The modified Beer-Lambert law…

Kane & Selsis (2014) proposed a modified Drake equation, originally intended as a “necro-biological” solution for the Fermi Paradox, involving pathogenic zombie apocalypses, signified by a measurable increase in greenhouse gas emissions (particularly CO2, H2S, NH4, and CH4) due to the rotting of zombified sophonts and their domesticated animals. While the report itself was in fact a practical joke (there are no real life mechanisms for a zombie apocalypse), it did call to attention serious…

In the first step of the experiment, m-toluic acid reacted with thionyl chloride to form the acid chloride derivative of m-toluic acid. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid is first converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate, replacing the –OH of the acid with a better leaving group. The acyl chlorosulfite then reacts with a nucleophilic chloride ion, at which point the chlorosulfite leaves in the form of sulfur dioxide and chloride ion. The remaining acid chloride then reacts with…

Venus Express: Payload, Mission Goals and Venusian Discoveries L. B. Breitenfeld Introduction: In November of 2002, the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that their first mission to the planet Venus, titled Venus Express, would launch in 2005 (Abbott and Schiermeier, 2002; Hoofs et al., 2009). The Russian Soyuz-Fregat launcher in Baikonur Kazakhstan on November 9th 2005, launched Venus Express into space (Fabrega et al. 2007). After traveling a distance of 440 million km, Venus Express…

The band at 2350 cm-1 originates from the CO2 in the air [29]. The broad absorption bands that appear in the low frequency region of infrared spectrum, located in the range 450-850 cm−1 are characteristic of a Ti-O-Ti symmetric stretching vibration mode [4] and observed maximum at around 500 cm-1 corresponding to the stretching vibration of Ti-O, which are formed during condensation reaction…

Blood cultures have always been a critical tool in the management of life-threatening conditions like septicemia, enteric fever, infective endocarditis, brucellosis etc. Manual or conventional blood cultures were performed by inoculating large volumes of blood into nutrient broth or biphasic media and repeated subcultures were performed to detect growth. Automated blood culture systems were introduced in early 1970’s. Today there are wide variety of systems available in the market. These have…

Nucleophilic Substitution: Preparation of 1-Bromobutane and Alkyl Halide Classification Tests INTRODUCTION The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate the conversion of a primary alcohol to 1-bromobutance with the Sn2 mechanism using sodium bromide and then to characterize the compound with two different alkyl halide tests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution involves chemical reactions where a neutral molecule or an anion called a nucleophile substitutes a…

Furthermore, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is being developed to detect extremely faint signals in infrared light. The telescope contains microshutters able to observe up to 100 objects at the same time (“About the James Webb Space Telescope”). Once launched, the telescope will rest at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, 1.5 million kilometers away from Earth. This location, combined with its infrared design, will allow the JWST to view the youngest galaxies of our universe (“How does the…

2. Materials and Methods: The keratin was extracted from Chicken feather which were collected from the local market of Raipur (21.14°N 81.38°E) Chhattisgarh, India. The 91% food grade alginate (sodium salt form) was purchased from Loba Chemie. The β-mercatpoethanol (mol. wt. 78.13) from LOBA Chemie, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (mol. wt. 288.38) and urea (mol. wt. 60.06) was purchased from Merck, and ethanol was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Antimicrobial strain of gram negative bacteria…