Inert gas

pressure across the film. Hence the permeability coefficient (P) is the proportionality constant between the flow of the penetrant gas per unit film area per unit time and the driving force (partial pressure difference) per unit film thickness. The amount of gas penetrating through the film is expressed in terms of either moles per unit time (flux) or weight or volume of the gas at STP. Commonly, it is expressed in terms of volume. The permeability coefficient (P), as defined by Eq. 2.24, is…

4.2 Glass Blowing Glass blowing is a glass-forming process that encompasses inflating molten glass into a bubble, with the help of a blowpipe. A person who blows glass is called a glassblower or gaffer. A person who manipulates the glass with a torch or other tools is known as a lampworker. 4.2.1 Principle of Glass blowing Glassblowing utilizes a working property of glass known as inflation. This refers to the expansion of glass by passing a small amount of air into it. The property exists…

The Mpemba Effect The Mpemba effect is a rather unusual physical phenomenon where hot water freezes faster than cold water, under certain conditions. Intuitively, this doesn’t make any sense. How could water of higher temperature reach freezing temperature quicker than water of colder temperature? Water freezes when it’s molecules lose energy and slow down enough to stick together, forming ice. The molecules of water of high temperature have more energy the molecules in the colder water. So,…

Solubility property of ozone is dependent on several extrinsic factors such as temperature, pressure, composition of the medium, pH, gas flow rate, etc. Henry’s law says that the pressure of the gas exerts above the liquid is directly proportional to the solubility of the ozone (Bablon et al., 1991). De Smedt et al. (2001) revealed that solubility of ozone is dependent on pH, temperature and type of additives of the aqueous solution. Levanov et al. (2008) found that solubility of ozone decreased…

reactor. Furthermore, the transport of the water vapor and liquid organic feed was assisted by the nitrogen gas that flowed through the same pipe. The syringe pump used for the organic feed injection was automatically controlled by a computer program according to set values. Because of the high temperatures encountered at the inlet of the reactor, the liquid organic feed was converted to gas before it reached the catalyst bed. A pressure gauge mounted at the mixing point of the reactant gases…

release rate model. The cylinder gas is considered as a spatially homogeneous thermodynamic system occupying in a single zone for the compression, expansion, intake, exhaust processes and two zones (burned and unburned zone) for the combustion process. The instantaneous composition of cylinder gases are obtained from the mass fraction of fuel burned. The instantaneous thermodynamic properties are computed by the established equations [20-21, 28]. The instantaneous gas properties are calculated…

Ferroelectricity Among the ferroelectric materials, the static dielectric constant depends on the temperature under the relation: Curie – Weiss relation: €r = P + Q/ (T-Tc), (T> Tc), P, Q are constants temperature independent. C = Curie constant Tc = Curie temperature A transition in phase is observed at temperature Tc. Above this, the material remains in Paraelectric phase (the phase where the elementary dipoles of different crystal unit cells are…

Identification of a Liquid Objective This experiment was performed out to determine the identity of an unknown liquid sample by investigating its solubility in water, hexane and ethyl alcohol. Also, its density and boiling point were obtained and compared to the theoretical values. Theory Chemical substances can be identified through investigation of their chemical and physical properties and then comparing the experimental values to the standard values. Physical properties do not change the…

be positive if one was adding Mercury to the cell. Also be sure to document the numerical values for the volume of gas and liquid, amount of Hg removed, and the pressure, in a table, every time you remove Mercury. Keep removing Mercury until the bubble point is found. The bubble point is reached when there is 0.002 or 0.001 cc of gas is shown in the cell. When both a liquid and gas are in the cell press F6 every time Hg is removed, this activates the liquid circulation pump which ensures the…

Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Lab Report Objective: By utilising the catalyst of potassium iodide to trigger a decomposition reaction in hydrogen peroxide, how will fluctuation in temperatures will affect the decomposition rate? Hypothesis: Due to the decomposition effect of potassium iodide on hydrogen peroxide, the increased temperature applied will also increase the decomposition rate, because of the more occurrences of collisions which causes the more energy to be produced. Independent…