Incidence

(2014) investigated the relationship between life-space mobility (Life-Space Assessment, LSA) and incidence of fall and fracture within 4 years follow-up period among community-dwelling older adults in Alabama, U.S.2 Life-space change was defined as the difference in LSA score before and after a fall occurs. The research findings indicate that decrease in life-space score was correlated with a greater incidence of a fall occurred with an injury, a fall combined with a fracture, and a fall with a…

A greater risk for osteoporosis is a prominent health epidemic for postmenopausal women. During menopause, the decline of reproductive hormones such as estrogen decreases strict regulation on osteoclastic activity. Thus, an estrogen deficiency is associated with increased bone resorption caused by increased osteoclastic activity and cellular differentiation. While the gradual cessation during menopause contributes to an increased risk for osteoporosis, other influential factors include a…

the people that are or are not affected by a disease. Cohort studies are surveys done over a long period of time. Environmental factors are evaluated and a hypothesis is drawn from what is known. For example evaluating a population with a low incidence of a disease, and evaluating if the environmental factors played a role in the development of the disease in that population. Case-controlled studies are done in retrospect, meaning a population sample is studied and the cause of disease is…

In some cases symptoms appear after the experience of an extremely stressful event. A high incidence of IBS in seen in adults who were the victim of sexual or physical abuse in childhood. I personally have had traumatic experience in Afghanistan where is when my IBS symptoms began in 2010. These traumatic episodes have an irreversiable effect on the colon and have lead to five plus years of dealing with IBS. Stress and IBS go hand in hand, but the relationship is not yet fully understood.…

Melanoma, one of the most prevalent and dangerous types of skin cancer, presents an increasing threat to human health as the incidence of melanoma is growing every year. Not only skin cancer is a threat to public health, but it is also becoming an economic burden to society. American Cancer Society identified that the average per-patient cost for the last stage of melanoma ranges between $34,103 to $152,244 per year in the United States. The survival rates for melanoma differ by its stage: the…

Prevalence rises with age and is highest in women older than 65 years, suggesting hormonal factors could have a pathogenic role.40 Estimates of the frequency of rheumatoid arthritis vary depending on the methods used to ascertain its presence. Incidence ranges from 5 to 50 per 100 000 adults in developed countries and increases with age. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis varies geographically. The disease is common in northern Europe and North America compared with parts of the developing world…

example, someone with this disease has a higher chance of a having a stroke. Normal red blood cells are like disc shaped, which makes it easy to move around small blood vessels and deliver oxygen throughout the body. According to cdc.gov, “The U.S. incidence estimate for sickle cell trait (based on information provided by 13 states) was 73.1 cases per 1,000 black newborns,…

likelihood of urate crystal deposition when urate concentrations > 6.8 mg/dL (404 mcmol/L) (Burbage 2014). Literature review shows that overall it is four times more common in men than women. Levels increase in women after menopause. Although the incidence of gout starts increasing from the age of 30 years, the peak prevalence and…

Malnutrition is widespread among older persons and represents a serious health problem. Its prevalence varies widely in different population subgroups and is generally increasing with decreasing health and functional status and increasing dependency and disability. Whereas in the community less than 10% of independently living older persons are affected, the prevalence increases up to 50% or even more in nursing-home residents, geriatric patients in acute-care hospitals and patients in geriatric…

Autism Spectrum Disorder was first brought to awareness in the early 1940s by Leo Kanner, who was a psychiatrist at John Hopkins University. During this time, Kanner studied a group of children who have difficulties or defects within the following domains: relating to others, speech development, repetitive behaviors, and becoming upset by changes in their routine (Kirk, 2015). Ever since Kanner’s discovery, many individuals have followed in his footsteps by studying others who have similar…