In vitro

In order to clarify the interaction between AFB1 with IECs, Watzl et al. determined the cytotoxicity and DNA-damage of jejunal epithelial cells of the Brown Norway (BN) rats induced by AFB1 in vitro and in vivo. They found AFB1 can induce genotoxicity in isolated epithelial cells of jejunum (430 mM, in vitro), but short-term oral exposure at moderate doses (100 mg/kg b.w./week) did not impair the local immune system of the gut (Watzl et al.,…

Reading Paraphrastically: Ethics of Stem Cell Research Summary of website: Ethics of Stem Cell Research is a website that describes why stem cell research may be viewed as morally wrong. The argument focuses on a number of viewpoints that is mainly focused on human embryos. The article’s discussed why individuals may not support stem cell research that involves human embryos. The website has several points that show the viewpoint of individuals against stem cell research and possible counter…

leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL2), an antiapoptotic protein commonly expressed in hematologic malignancies, has been shown to be involved in tumor survival and chemo-resistance. Venclexta induced cell death in AML cell lines and primary patient samples in vitro and in mouse xenograft models. BCL2 inhibition induced cell death in AML cell lines and in leukemic blasts, progenitor cells, and stem cells from patients with AML, such as in Sharon’s case. The unique role of BCL2 in leukemia stem cell survival…

Gene Therapy: The concept of gene therapy emerged in the 1970s. The basic premise of gene therapy is using DNA enclosed in a vector as a therapeutic treatment for diseases. In the decades after it was conceptualized, many clinical trials of gene therapy were developed but stalled in phase I or phase II. During the 90s, only 1% of gene therapy trials made it to phase III and none of them went past phase III. The excitement for gene therapy was reduced when a participant of a clinical trial died…

cells should be used, which includes embryos being used, a large controversy will arise and that includes the laws and beliefs surround contraception, abortion and in-vitro fertilization. In order for scientist to obtain embryonic stem cells, they have to use the inner cell mass from the blastocysts (fertilized eggs) from an in vitro fertilization facility. It is also important to note that in order to harvest embryo stem cells, scientists must destroy it so they are destroying a potential…

Animal testing was revived in Greece about 2300 years ago; however, it became widely used only from 1850 (Understanding animal research, 2015). After this time, many breakthroughs were made such as insulin for diabetics, hepatitis C vaccine and medicine for epilepsy, which have saved countless number of animals’ and humans’ lives (AMP, 2015). Today, we have developed many alternatives to animal testing, thanks to new technologies, which are used to develop and test new medicine and treatments;…

Human cloning for reproductive and therapeutic methods is a controversial subject and in using and looking the issue of human cloning from the perspective of consequentialism theory, I believe that using the perspective of consequentialism theory will result in human cloning not being morally wrong. One reason using consequentialist theory that human cloning is not wrong is that parental demands of children would not change because the child is a clone, parental demands vary from parent to…

Scientists have come up with moral techniques to reduce or even avoid animal testing. In the article, “Alternatives to Animal Testing” PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) explains more noble options like In Vitro testing, In Silico modeling, and human volunteering. The In Vitro method contains “human cells grown in a state-of-the-art system to mimic the structure and function of human organs and organ systems” (PETA). While using In Silico, computer models simulate human biology…

be on the cells themself to test and examine the drug on a microscopic level. If this level is achieved with no harmful effects, it should move on to the next which my team believes should be performed on laboratory-grown organelles, such as an in-vitro brain. Once this level is completed safely, the tests should now be safe for animal testing. Once the animal trials are performed and proven safe, human trials should be necessary before being released onto the market. Animal testing is…

Aethina Tumida, Small Hive Beetles (SHB), is native to sub-Saharan Africa, and it is a regular pest to the African subspecies of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. Be that as it may, the beetle has been located outside of its natural habitat, where it is known to cause extensive damage to the plethora of colonies of the European subspecies of honey bees. In 1996, the small hive beetle was first sighted in the United States across a variety of states. There is no clear answer to how…