In vitro

A Cruel and Unjust Life Right now over one million animals are being tortured and tested on throughout the United States. (“Animal Testing 101”) These animals include birds, dogs, cats, bunnies, and so much more. These animals have no protection from the harsh examinations the scientists do with them. They are in inhumane living and have no time to play, like an animal should do. Their living conditions are bleak and in total solitary.(“Animals in Testing and Research”) These government and…

cultured are called Embryonic Stem Cells and Adult Stem Cells (“Basics”). Embryonic Stem Cells are formed by a newly fertilized egg ready to begin its first division process. This type of stem cells can be broken down into two different categories; In Vitro Fertilization which is taken from donated human blastocyts and Alter Nuclear Transfer which involves the slipping and separation of the nucleus of the donated egg (Jurkowski). Adult Stem Cells are said to be hidden deep within tissues that…

The Genus Bordetella Bordetella are catalase positive, asaccharolytic, aerobic, gram positive rods, whose optimal growth is at 35° to 37°C. Disease 1. Species of Bordetella is known to cause respiratory diseases like whooping cough, pneumonia, and sinusitis. 2. There are eight species of Bordetella that cause different diseases including Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella avium, Bordetella hinzii, Bordetella holmessi, Bordetella trematum, Bordetella pertussis,…

occur wherein a liquid plug obstructs the airway. Figure 1 Example of pinching effect Studies indicate that microbubble or liquid plug flow creates a combination of normal and shear stresses to the epithelial on airway walls. Experiments in in vitro systems demonstrates that these flows can cause injury from mechanical stresses on airway epithelial cells. These stresses may cause cell deformation, membrane rupture, and cell detachment. These stresses can also cause biological responses…

In vitro testing, such as studying cell cultures in a petri testing, can produce more relevant results than animal testing because human cells can be used. Computer models, such as virtual reconstructions of human molecular structures, can predict the toxicity…

father. Consequently, the resulting baby has 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of chromosomes from its mother and father. The donor donates only DNA that is in mitochondria (less than 0.2% of total DNA). Two mitochondrial transfer techniques exist, both use in vitro fertilization (IVF) (Ian Sample, 2015). The first is maternal spindle transfer (MST), where the “repair is done before fertilization” by removal of nucleus from mother’s egg and transfer of it into a normal donor egg that had its nucleus…

3.1 NATEGLINIDE (Javed et. al., 2013) Nateglinide [N-(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexylcarbonyl)-D-phenylalanine] is a novel, highly physiologic, glucose regulator recently approved for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nateglinide has a rapid onset and short duration of insulinotropic action that results in reduction of glucose level. Nateglinide block the K-ion channels in pancreatic beta-cells, facilitating insulin secretion. In the present investigation formulation and evaluation of…

The multifunctional protein, beta-catenin (CTNNB1) acts on many critical roles in the cell life cycle, including cell differentiation, proliferation and cell-cell contact (Ozwan et al., 1989), CTNNB1 plays a central role in canonical WNT signaling pathway to success the gene transcription process (Clevers and Nusse., 2012). Regulation and degradation of CTNNB1 take place at the cellular level through phosphorylation of serine and/or threonine amino acid residues. Specific kinase proteins…

Then the nanoparticles with narrow size distribution and diameter of 76, 111 and 176 nm were formulated by the dialysis method. The nanoparticles were labeled through covalent attachment to rhodamine dye for in vitro cellular uptrake studies. The safety toxic profile, stability and the enhanced cellular uptake of the particles by various cell lines made them suitable material for bio-medical applications, scheme 3991. P. H. Elchinger et al. successfully cross-linked…

A growing number of non-cardiac drugs have been found to delay cardiac repolarization, causing QT interval prolongation and predisposing patients to an increased risk of potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias, known as torsade de pointes (TdP) (Letsas et al, 2007; Yap and Camm 2003; Sanguinetti and Tristani-Firouzi). These drugs include the second-generation, non-sedating antihistamines astemizole and terfenadine, withdrawn from the market in Europe and the United States (in 1997 and 1999,…