In situ

Breast cancer is a kind of cancer that starts and spreads from breast. Signs of breast cancer include feeling a lump in the breast, a change in the breast's shape, the dimpling of the skin, or fluid coming from the nipple, and in the more serious cases there would be shortness of breath, bone pain, yellow skin, and swollen lymph nodes. The most common factors that cause breast cancer are: Obesity, drinking alcohol, early age at first menstruation, lack of physical activity, and having children…

ACHALASIA Achalasia refers to a rare disease of the muscle of the lower esophageal body and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and inability of the muscles to contract, or absence of peristalsis, of the esophagus. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters however, patients with achalasia lack these nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory ganglion cells thus, causing imbalance between the excitatory and…

Introduction Doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, is commonly used as an effective antineoplastic agent, in the treatment of various of malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors. Unfortunately, the clinical use of this drug is limited by cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which may cause irreversible and severe effect of cardiomyopathy [1] The specific mechanisms of doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity are complex and although decades of research on this drug,…

Term Project Assignment: 10/9 Mission Local reports that the Mission District in San Francisco is in an advanced stage of gentrification. Emma Neiman writes that the district’s median income level, already above average at $73,718, is going to see further increases in the near future. UC Berkeley researchers Miriam Zuk and Karen Chapple, who published their finding in August, found that the two tech-booms, cultural richness, and transportation accessibility led the Mission on a path of rapid…

be performed. The deletion of the short arm of chromosome five is the requirement for a positive Cri Du Chat syndrome diagnosis. Using the FISH analysis may be needed for further validation (Learning). FISH analysis translates to fluorescence in situ hybridization and is “used to visualize where a particular gene or DNA sequence is located within a person’s genome.”(Genetics Education) Also, Karyotype, a simple chromosome analysis, can be used to map out one’s chromosomes and make missing or…

The DNA of an individual carries their genetic information. This information is contained in the nucleus, coiled to make chromosomes – 23 pairs in total. Each chromosome codes for a specific trait, and contains genes – the code for proteins. Chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids joint by a centromere, with the regions above the centromere called the ‘p’ arms and the region below called the ‘q’ arms (see figure 1). 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) refers to the deletion of a section of…

million new cases of cancer. This was split 53% in males and 47% in females. Several cancer types exists and I will be focusing on breast cancer. In the years 2013 the American Cancer Society stated that there was 64,640 new in Situ cases and 232,340 new invasive cases. In situ cancer is simply means that the cancer growth is confined to the location where it started. This means it has not spread and is far easier to treat. Invasive forms of cancer means that it has grown and is surrounding…

Different autopsy methods are useful in different situations. I have previously mentioned Rokitansky method which involves examining the organs in situ “a condition sometimes mandated by a restrictive autopsy consent or severe time limitations” (Finkbeiner 35). But there are other methods that involve removal of the organs including Letulle, Ghon and Virchow. Both the Letulle and Virchow start the same way: a Y incision is made and the skin is reflected from the chest and abdomen. If the…

A blood sample taken from a vein in your arm or hand. There are two ways to test for HER2/neu: Immunohistochemistry (IHC). This test measures how much HER2/neu protein is in your sample. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This testing method checks the sample at the genetic level to determine how many copies of HER2/neu there are (amplification). Both are approved methods of testing. If the result of one type is negative or inconclusive, you may…

high risk of neurological complications from the implant and screws, even in correct procedure, there are neurological complications [8]. There are no significant neurological complication differences found between the reduction procedure and fusion situ [5, 8, 9, 10]. About 90% of all vertebral body slips due to the degenerative and isthmic types of spondylolisthesis [11]. Generally in population after the forth decades 20.7 % are affected [12], lumbosacral junction at lumber 5 and sacrum 1…