In situ hybridization

cDNAs of rat GR (~0.4 kb) and rat SERT (~0.7 kb) in pGEM-3Zf vectors with T7 RNA polymerase and DIG RNA labeling mix (Roche, Branford, CT, USA). The amount of the transcript was estimated by comparison to DIG-labeled control RNA (Roche, Branford, CT, USA) in Dot-blot assays on nylon membranes (Roche, Branford, CT, USA). The ISH protocol is similar to the one from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory with minor modifications (Javelle et al. 2011). In brief, slides were fixed with 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde followed by 0.05% (w/v) proteinase K treatment for 5 min at 21oC and acetylation with acetic anhydride. Lipids were extracted by washing through an ethanol series: 50, 70, 95 and 100% (vols). Pre-hybridized sections were incubated with 200 µl hybridization solution per slide containing 200 ng DIG-labeled probes at 55oC overnight. At the next morning, the sections were washed extensively and treated with RNase A, then proceed to block in 4% goat serum for one hour. The anti-DIG-alkaline phosphatase antibody (1:200 dilution, Roche, Branford, CT, USA) was applied to sections at 4oC overnight. The color was developed by NBT/BCIP substrates (Roche, Branford, CT, USA ) with refreshments twice a day for 3~5…

molecular genetic tests for NF1: Comprehensive multistep mutation detection, Genomic DNA sequence analysis, Deletion/ duplication analysis, and Cytogenetic analysis. The comprehensive multistep mutation detection protocol has been effective in detecting 95% of individuals with a pathogenic NF1 variant while Genomic sequencing, deletion/duplication analysis, and Cytogenetic analysis have only been able to detect a defect in the NF1 gene in 61%, 5%, and less than 1% of individuals. The most…

nanoparticles in samples were visualised. Bio-distribution of nanoparticles in samples was also observed by the confocal fluorescence microscopy, hyperspectral fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging for confirmation purpose1. Bioluminescence observation suggested a significant proportion of samples were successfully labelled with nanodots and they can be clearly visualised in all three different experimental conditions: in vitro (labelled spermatozoa and oocytes),…

Cancer is rapidly spreading in the world especially in low income countries ( ). Cervical cancer is cancer of cervix ( ). Cervical cancer causes due to abnormal growth of cervix cells which spreads in to other body parts ( ). Initially there are no typical symptoms, later starts pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding and pain during intercourse( ). In 90% cases papillomavirus (HPV) caused this cancer( , , ). Smoking, weak immune system birth control pills sex in very young age, multiple sex partners are…

A quote to highlight the misuse of medical ethics is “TeLinde disagreed— he believed carcinoma in situ was simply an early stage of invasive carcinoma that, if left untreated, eventually became deadly. So he treated it aggressively, often removing the cervix, uterus, and most of the vagina” (Skloot 165). This was unethical because there was no proven way to tell if this was the best treatment method, he did it just because he thought it was best. This is an example of a doctor using his own…

(T) - Tumor Size This classification is divided into Tx, T0, Tis, T1, T2, T3 and T4. Tx referes to a condition where it is not possible to evaluate a central tumor. T0 is related to the abscence of an evidence of a primary tumor. Tis, if it is considered to be a carcinoma in situ (restricted to the pancreactic duct cells first layers). T1, the tumor is confined to the pancreas and is 2cm or less. T2, the cancer is confined to the pancreas but is bigger than 2 cm. T3, the cancer has grown inside…

of the cancer returning or spreading to other organs and becoming life threatening may increase once it has spread to the lymph nodes. Prior to the surgical procedure, a nurse should educate the patient about possible complications of the surgery. Inform the patient of risk for long term bladder dysfunction, lymphedema, the development of lymph cysts and sexual dysfunction. In addition, the nurse should explain what the patient should expect afterwards. Hopefully this will decrease some of the…

Most gynecologic oncologists use the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians) classification. The disease is divided into five stages, with further divisions in each stage. A carcinoma in situ is Stage 0. In Stage I, the cancer is confined to the cervix. When the disease spreads beyond the cervix but not to the pelvic sidewall, or involves the vagina but not the lower third, this is considered Stage II. Stage III carcinoma spreads to the pelvic sidewall, involves the…

CHAPTER 2.LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Definition The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb). It is sometimes called the uterine cervix. It connects the body of uterus to the vagina. The part of the cervix inside the cervix canal is called endocervix. The part on the outside is called the ectocervix. Most cervical cancers start where these two parts meet. There are two main types, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Occasionally, mixed carcinomas,…

This island has to be saved for its trees, it has to be saved for its animals it is a part of a reserve forest, it belongs to a project to save tigers, which is paid for by people from all around the world….who love animals so much that they are willing to kill us for them…this whole world has become a place for animals, and our fault, our crime was that we were just human beings, trying to live as human beings always have, from the water and the soil. No human being…